--- title: 1 Samuel 14:20 — And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered togethe… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered together, and came to the battle; and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. Who acts: people, sword, great discomfiture. 1 Samuel 14:20 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonath --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/14/) / 14:20 # 1 Samuel 14:20 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** people, sword, great discomfiture · **What happens:** be, gather, come · **To what, where:** Saul, battle This is 1 Samuel 14:20 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — people, sword, great discomfiture — and what happens in the verse to Saul, battle, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּזָּעֵ֣ק שָׁא֗וּל וְכָל־הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתּ֔וֹ וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ עַד־הַמִּלְחָמָ֑ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה הָיְתָ֜ה חֶ֤רֶב אִישׁ֙ בְּרֵעֵ֔הוּ מְהוּמָ֖ה גְּדוֹלָ֥ה מְאֹֽד׃ [And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered together, and came to the battle; and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.348/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:315 # text = וַיִּזָּעֵ֣ק שָׁא֗וּל וְכָל־הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתּ֔וֹ וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ עַד־הַמִּלְחָמָ֑ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה הָיְתָ֜ה חֶ֤רֶב אִישׁ֙ בְּרֵעֵ֔הוּ מְהוּמָ֖ה גְּדוֹלָ֥ה מְאֹֽד׃ # verse = 1SA.14.20 1-2 וַיִּזָּעֵ֣ק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:20!1|MId=o090140200011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּזָּעֵ֣ק זָעַק VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.was.called.together|Ref=1SA_14:20!1|MId=o090140200012|Strong=2199|Frame=A1:090140200021;090140200042;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 שָׁא֗וּל שָׁאוּל PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Saul|Ref=1SA_14:20!2|MId=o090140200021|Strong=7586 4-5 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:20!3|MId=o090140200031|Strong=2050b 5 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=1SA_14:20!3|MId=o090140200032|Strong=3605 6-7 הָעָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_14:20!4|MId=o090140200041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 עָם֙ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=people|Ref=1SA_14:20!4|MId=o090140200042|Strong=5971 8 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 10 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=1SA_14:20!5|MId=o090140200051|Strong=0834|Type=relative 9-10 אִתּ֔וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 אִתּ אֵת ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=[was].with|Ref=1SA_14:20!6|MId=o090140200061|Strong=0854 10 ֔וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 acl:relcl _ Gloss=him|Ref=1SA_14:20!6|MId=o090140200062|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 11-12 וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:20!7|MId=o090140200071|Strong=2050b 12 יָּבֹ֖אוּ בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.went|Ref=1SA_14:20!7|MId=o090140200072|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:090140200021;090140200042;|Type=wayyiqtol 13 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1SA_14:20!8|MId=o090140200081|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 14-15 הַמִּלְחָמָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_14:20!9|MId=o090140200091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 מִּלְחָמָ֑ה מִלְחָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=battle|Ref=1SA_14:20!9|MId=o090140200092|Strong=4421 16-17 וְהִנֵּ֨ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:20!10|MId=o090140200101|Strong=2050b 17 הִנֵּ֨ה הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 25 discourse _ Gloss=there!|Ref=1SA_14:20!10|MId=o090140200102|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 18 הָיְתָ֜ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 22 cop _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=1SA_14:20!11|MId=o090140200111|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:090140200121;|Type=qatal 19 חֶ֤רֶב חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 22 nsubj _ Gloss=[the].sword|Ref=1SA_14:20!12|MId=o090140200121|Strong=2719 20 אִישׁ֙ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.each.man|Ref=1SA_14:20!13|MId=o090140200131|Strong=0376 21-23 בְּרֵעֵ֔הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=1SA_14:20!14|MId=o090140200141|Strong=0871a 22 רֵע רֵעַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 parataxis _ Gloss=neighbor|Ref=1SA_14:20!14|MId=o090140200142|Strong=7453 23 ֵ֔הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1SA_14:20!14|MId=o090140200143|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 24 מְהוּמָ֖ה מְהוּמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 nsubj _ Gloss=confusion|Ref=1SA_14:20!15|MId=o090140200151|Strong=4103 25 גְּדוֹלָ֥ה גָּדוֹל ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 conj _ Gloss=[was].great|Ref=1SA_14:20!16|MId=o090140200161|Strong=1419|Type=adjective 26 מְאֹֽד מְאֹד ADV _ _ 25 advmod _ Gloss=very|Ref=1SA_14:20!17|MId=o090140200171|Strong=3966|SpaceAfter=No 27 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 26 punct _ Ref=1SA_14:20!17 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּזָּעֵק *he was called together* | wayyiqtol · niphal | | שָׁאוּל *Saul* + עָם *people* | | | | יָּבֹאוּ *they went* | wayyiqtol · qal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* + עָם *people* | | | | | הָיְתָה *it was* | qatal · qal | חֶרֶב *\[the\] sword* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְאִתְכְּנִישׁ שָׁאוּל וְכָל עַמָא דְעִמֵיהּ וְאָתוֹ עַד קְרָבָא וְהָא הֲוַת חַרְבָּא גְבַר בְּחַבְרֵיהּ שִׁגוּשָׁא רַב לַחֲדָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered together, and came to the battle; and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.348/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:315`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 14:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.19/) - next →: [1 Samuel 14:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.21/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/14/)