--- title: 1 Samuel 14:24 — And the men of Israel were distressed that day; but Saul adjured the… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And the men of Israel were distressed that day; but Saul adjured the people, saying: 'Cursed be the man that eateth any food until it be evening, and I be avenged on mine enemies.' So none of the people tasted food. Who acts: Saul, man, food, none. 1 Samuel 14:24 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.24/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/14/) / 14:24 # 1 Samuel 14:24 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** Saul, man, food, none · **What happens:** distress, adjure, say, curse, eat, be · **To what, where:** men, people, man, food, evening, I · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Samuel 14:24 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Saul, man, food, none — and what happens in the verse to men, people, man, food, evening, I, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְאִֽישׁ־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל נִגַּ֖שׂ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא וַיֹּאֶל֩ שָׁא֨וּל אֶת־הָעָ֜ם לֵאמֹ֗ר אָר֣וּר הָ֠אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יֹ֨אכַל לֶ֜חֶם עַד־הָעֶ֗רֶב וְנִקַּמְתִּי֙ מֵאֹ֣יְבַ֔י וְלֹֽא טָעַ֥ם כָּל־הָעָ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ס [And the men of Israel were distressed that day; but Saul adjured the people, saying: 'Cursed be the man that eateth any food until it be evening, and I be avenged on mine enemies.' So none of the people tasted food.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.352/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:319 # text = וְאִֽישׁ־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל נִגַּ֖שׂ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא וַיֹּאֶל֩ שָׁא֨וּל אֶת־הָעָ֜ם לֵאמֹ֗ר אָר֣וּר הָ֠אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יֹ֨אכַל לֶ֜חֶם עַד־הָעֶ֗רֶב וְנִקַּמְתִּי֙ מֵאֹ֣יְבַ֔י וְלֹֽא טָעַ֥ם כָּל־הָעָ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ס # verse = 1SA.14.24 1-2 וְאִֽישׁ־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:24!1|MId=o090140240011|Strong=2050b 2 אִֽישׁ־ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=the.man|Ref=1SA_14:24!1|MId=o090140240012|Strong=0376 3 יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 2 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=1SA_14:24!2|MId=o090140240021|Strong=3478 4 נִגַּ֖שׂ נָגַשׂ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.was.hard.pressed|Ref=1SA_14:24!3|MId=o090140240031|Strong=5065|Frame=A1:090140240012;|Type=qatal 5-7 בַּיּ֣וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1SA_14:24!4|MId=o090140240041|Strong=0871a 6 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_14:24!4|MId=o090140240041ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 יּ֣וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=day|Ref=1SA_14:24!4|MId=o090140240042|Strong=3117 8-9 הַה֑וּא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1SA_14:24!5|MId=o090140240051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 ה֑וּא הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 det _ Gloss=that|Ref=1SA_14:24!5|MId=o090140240052|Strong=1931|Type=personal 10-11 וַיֹּאֶל֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:24!6|MId=o090140240061|Strong=2050b 11 יֹּאֶל֩ יאל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=he.had.put.under.oath|Ref=1SA_14:24!6|MId=o090140240062|Strong=0422|Frame=AA:090140240071;A0:090140240092;|Type=wayyiqtol 12 שָׁא֨וּל שָׁאוּל PROPN _ _ 11 nsubj _ Gloss=Saul|Ref=1SA_14:24!7|MId=o090140240071|Strong=7586 13 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1SA_14:24!8|MId=o090140240081|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 14-15 הָעָ֜ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_14:24!9|MId=o090140240091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 עָ֜ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obj _ Gloss=people|Ref=1SA_14:24!9|MId=o090140240092|Strong=5971 16-17 לֵאמֹ֗ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 18 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=1SA_14:24!10|MId=o090140240101|Strong=3807a 17 אמֹ֗ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 16 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=1SA_14:24!10|MId=o090140240102|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:090140240071;|Type=infinitive_construct 18 אָר֣וּר אָרַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 11 advcl _ Gloss=[be].cursed|Ref=1SA_14:24!11|MId=o090140240111|Strong=0779|Frame=A1:090140240122;|Type=participle_passive 19-20 הָ֠אִישׁ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הָ֠ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_14:24!12|MId=o090140240121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 אִישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ Gloss=person|Ref=1SA_14:24!12|MId=o090140240122|Strong=0376 21 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 22 mark _ Gloss=who|Ref=1SA_14:24!13|MId=o090140240131|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 22 יֹ֨אכַל אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 20 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.will.eat|Ref=1SA_14:24!14|MId=o090140240141|Strong=0398|Frame=A0:090140240122;A1:090140240151;|Type=yiqtol 23 לֶ֜חֶם לֶחֶם NOUN _ Number=Sing 22 obj _ Gloss=food|Ref=1SA_14:24!15|MId=o090140240151|Strong=3899 24 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=1SA_14:24!16|MId=o090140240161|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 25-26 הָעֶ֗רֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 26 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_14:24!17|MId=o090140240171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 26 עֶ֗רֶב עֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 obl _ Gloss=evening|Ref=1SA_14:24!17|MId=o090140240172|Strong=6153 27-28 וְנִקַּמְתִּי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 28 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:24!18|MId=o090140240181|Strong=2050b 28 נִקַּמְתִּי֙ נָקַם VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 4 conj _ Gloss=I.will.avenge.myself|Ref=1SA_14:24!18|MId=o090140240182|Strong=5358|Frame=A0:090140240071;|Type=weqatal 29-31 מֵאֹ֣יְבַ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=1SA_14:24!19|MId=o090140240191|Strong=4480 30 אֹ֣יְב אָיַב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 28 obl _ Gloss=enemies|Ref=1SA_14:24!19|MId=o090140240192|Strong=0341|Type=participle_active 31 ַ֔י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=1SA_14:24!19|MId=o090140240193|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 32-33 וְלֹֽא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_14:24!20|MId=o090140240201|Strong=2050b 33 לֹֽא לֹא ADV _ _ 34 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=1SA_14:24!20|MId=o090140240202|Strong=3808|Type=negative 34 טָעַ֥ם טָעַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=it.tasted|Ref=1SA_14:24!21|MId=o090140240211|Strong=2938|Frame=A0:090140240232;A1:090140240241;|Type=qatal 35 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=1SA_14:24!22|MId=o090140240221|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 36-37 הָעָ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 37 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_14:24!23|MId=o090140240231|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 37 עָ֖ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 35 compound:smixut _ Gloss=people|Ref=1SA_14:24!23|MId=o090140240232|Strong=5971 38 לָֽחֶם לֶחֶם NOUN _ Number=Sing 34 obj _ Gloss=food|Ref=1SA_14:24!24|MId=o090140240241|Strong=3899|SpaceAfter=No 39 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 38 punct _ Ref=1SA_14:24!24|SpaceAfter=No 40 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 38 punct _ Ref=1SA_14:24!24 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | נִגַּשׂ *he was hard pressed* | qatal · niphal | | אִֽישׁ־ *the man* | | | | יֹּאֶל *he had put under oath* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | עָם *people* | | | שָׁאוּל *Saul* | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* | | | | | אָרוּר *\[be\] cursed* | participle passive · qal | | אִישׁ *person* | | | | יֹאכַל *he will eat* | yiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *person* | לֶחֶם *food* | | | | נִקַּמְתִּי *I will avenge myself* | weqatal · niphal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* | | | | | **not** טָעַם *it tasted* | qatal · qal | עָם *people* | לָֽחֶם *food* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וֶאֱנָשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל אִידְחִיק בְּיוֹמָא הַהוּא וְאוֹמֵי שָׁאוּל יַת עַמָא לְמֵימַר לִיט גַבְרָא דְיֵכוּל לַחְמָא עַד רַמְשָׁא עַד דְאִתְפְּרַע מִבַּעֲלֵי דְבָבַי וְלָא טְעַם כָּל עַמָא לַחְמָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And the men of Israel were distressed that day; but Saul adjured the people, saying: 'Cursed be the man that eateth any food until it be evening, and I be avenged on mine enemies.' So none of the people tasted food.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.352/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:319`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 14:23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.23/) - next →: [1 Samuel 14:25](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.25/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/14/)