--- title: 1 Samuel 17:28 — And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spoke unto the men; and E… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spoke unto the men; and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said: 'Why art thou come down? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know thy presumptuousness, and the naughtiness of thy heart; for thou art come down that --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.17.28/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/17/) / 17:28 # 1 Samuel 17:28 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** Eliab, Israel, thou, I · **What happens:** hear, speak, kindle, say, come down, leave · **To what, where:** anger, few sheep, wilderness, presumptuousness, battle · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Samuel 17:28 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Eliab, Israel, thou, I — and what happens in the verse to anger, few sheep, wilderness, presumptuousness, battle, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ע אֱלִיאָב֙ אָחִ֣יו הַגָּד֔וֹל בְּדַבְּר֖וֹ אֶל־הָאֲנָשִׁ֑ים וַיִּֽחַר־אַף֩ אֱלִיאָ֨ב בְּדָוִ֜ד וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ׀ לָמָּה־זֶּ֣ה יָרַ֗דְתָּ וְעַל־מִ֨י נָטַ֜שְׁתָּ מְעַ֨ט הַצֹּ֤אן הָהֵ֙נָּה֙ בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר אֲנִ֧י יָדַ֣עְתִּי אֶת־זְדֹנְךָ֗ וְאֵת֙ רֹ֣עַ לְבָבֶ֔ךָ כִּ֗י לְמַ֛עַן רְא֥וֹת הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה יָרָֽדְתָּ׃ [And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spoke unto the men; and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said: 'Why art thou come down? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.479/) [I know thy presumptuousness, and the naughtiness of thy heart; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.480/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:433 # text = וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ע אֱלִיאָב֙ אָחִ֣יו הַגָּד֔וֹל בְּדַבְּר֖וֹ אֶל־הָאֲנָשִׁ֑ים וַיִּֽחַר־אַף֩ אֱלִיאָ֨ב בְּדָוִ֜ד וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ׀ לָמָּה־זֶּ֣ה יָרַ֗דְתָּ וְעַל־מִ֨י נָטַ֜שְׁתָּ מְעַ֨ט הַצֹּ֤אן הָהֵ֙נָּה֙ בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר אֲנִ֧י יָדַ֣עְתִּי אֶת־זְדֹנְךָ֗ וְאֵת֙ רֹ֣עַ לְבָבֶ֔ךָ כִּ֗י לְמַ֛עַן רְא֥וֹת הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה יָרָֽדְתָּ׃ # verse = 1SA.17.28 1-2 וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ע _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_17:28!1|MId=o090170280011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּשְׁמַ֤ע שָׁמַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.heard|Ref=1SA_17:28!1|MId=o090170280012|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:090170280021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אֱלִיאָב֙ אֱלִיאָב PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Eliab|Ref=1SA_17:28!2|MId=o090170280021|Strong=0446 4-5 אָחִ֣יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 אָחִ֣י אָח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 appos _ Gloss=brother|Ref=1SA_17:28!3|MId=o090170280031|Strong=0251 5 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1SA_17:28!3|MId=o090170280032|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 6-7 הַגָּד֔וֹל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1SA_17:28!4|MId=o090170280041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 גָּד֔וֹל גָּדוֹל ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 amod _ Gloss=old|Ref=1SA_17:28!4|MId=o090170280042|Strong=1419|Type=adjective 8-10 בְּדַבְּר֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=when|Ref=1SA_17:28!5|MId=o090170280051|Strong=0871a 9 דַבְּר דָבַר VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 2 advcl _ Gloss=spoke|Ref=1SA_17:28!5|MId=o090170280052|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:090170280053;|Type=infinitive_construct 10 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 nsubj _ Gloss=he|Ref=1SA_17:28!5|MId=o090170280053|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 11 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1SA_17:28!6|MId=o090170280061|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 12-13 הָאֲנָשִׁ֑ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_17:28!7|MId=o090170280071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 אֲנָשִׁ֑ים אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 obl _ Gloss=men|Ref=1SA_17:28!7|MId=o090170280072|Strong=0376 14-15 וַיִּֽחַר־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_17:28!8|MId=o090170280081|Strong=2050b 15 יִּֽחַר־ חָרָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.burned|Ref=1SA_17:28!8|MId=o090170280082|Strong=2734|Frame=A0:090170280091;|Type=wayyiqtol 16 אַף֩ אַף NOUN _ _ 15 nsubj _ Gloss=the.anger|Ref=1SA_17:28!9|MId=o090170280091|Strong=0639|Type=affirmation 17 אֱלִיאָ֨ב אֱלִיאָב PROPN _ _ 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Eliab|Ref=1SA_17:28!10|MId=o090170280101|Strong=0446 18-19 בְּדָוִ֜ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1SA_17:28!11|MId=o090170280111|Strong=0871a 19 דָוִ֜ד דָּוִד PROPN _ _ 15 obl _ Gloss=David|Ref=1SA_17:28!11|MId=o090170280112|Strong=1732 20-21 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_17:28!12|MId=o090170280121|Strong=2050b 21 יֹּ֣אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1SA_17:28!12|MId=o090170280122|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:090170280101;|Type=wayyiqtol 22 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 21 punct _ Ref=1SA_17:28!12 23-24 לָמָּה־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 לָ לָמָה ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=|Ref=1SA_17:28!13|MId=o090170280131|Strong=3807a 24 מָּה־ מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 21 ccomp _ Gloss=why?|Ref=1SA_17:28!13|MId=o090170280132|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative 25 זֶּ֣ה זֶה PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 24 nsubj _ Gloss=this|Ref=1SA_17:28!14|MId=o090170280141|Strong=2088|Type=demonstrative 26 יָרַ֗דְתָּ יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 25 acl _ Gloss=have.you.come.down|Ref=1SA_17:28!15|MId=o090170280151|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:090170280112;|Type=qatal 27-28 וְעַל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_17:28!16|MId=o090170280161|Strong=2050b 28 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=1SA_17:28!16|MId=o090170280162|Strong=5921 29 מִ֨י מִי PRON _ PronType=Int 30 obl _ Gloss=whom?|Ref=1SA_17:28!17|MId=o090170280171|Strong=4310|Type=interrogative 30 נָטַ֜שְׁתָּ נָטַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 24 conj _ Gloss=have.you.left|Ref=1SA_17:28!18|MId=o090170280181|Strong=5203|Frame=A0:090170280112;A1:090170280202;|Type=qatal 31 מְעַ֨ט מְעַט ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obj _ Gloss=the.fewness|Ref=1SA_17:28!19|MId=o090170280191|Strong=4592 32-33 הַצֹּ֤אן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=1SA_17:28!20|MId=o090170280201|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 צֹּ֤אן צֹאן NOUN _ Number=Sing 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.sheep|Ref=1SA_17:28!20|MId=o090170280202|Strong=6629 34-35 הָהֵ֙נָּה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 35 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1SA_17:28!21|MId=o090170280211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 35 הֵ֙נָּה֙ הֵנָּה PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 33 det _ Gloss=those|Ref=1SA_17:28!21|MId=o090170280212|Strong=2007|Type=personal 36-38 בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 38 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=1SA_17:28!22|MId=o090170280221|Strong=0871a 37 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 38 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_17:28!22|MId=o090170280221ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 38 מִּדְבָּ֔ר מִדְבָּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obl _ Gloss=wilderness|Ref=1SA_17:28!22|MId=o090170280222|Strong=4057 39 אֲנִ֧י אֲנִי PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 40 nsubj _ Gloss=I|Ref=1SA_17:28!23|MId=o090170280231|Strong=0589|Type=personal 40 יָדַ֣עְתִּי יָדַע VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 24 parataxis _ Gloss=I.know|Ref=1SA_17:28!24|MId=o090170280241|Strong=3045|Frame=A0:090170280231;A1:090170280261;090170280281;|Type=qatal 41 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 42 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1SA_17:28!25|MId=o090170280251|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 42-43 זְדֹנְךָ֗ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 זְדֹנ זָדוֹן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 40 obj _ Gloss=presumption|Ref=1SA_17:28!26|MId=o090170280261|Strong=2087 43 ְךָ֗ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 42 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1SA_17:28!26|MId=o090170280262|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 44-45 וְאֵת֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 46 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_17:28!27|MId=o090170280271|Strong=2050b 45 אֵת֙ אֵת ADP _ _ 46 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1SA_17:28!27|MId=o090170280272|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 46 רֹ֣עַ רֹעַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 42 conj _ Gloss=the.wickedness|Ref=1SA_17:28!28|MId=o090170280281|Strong=7455 47-48 לְבָבֶ֔ךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 לְבָב לֵבָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 46 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.heart|Ref=1SA_17:28!29|MId=o090170280291|Strong=3824 48 ֶ֔ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 47 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1SA_17:28!29|MId=o090170280292|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 49 כִּ֗י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 54 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=1SA_17:28!30|MId=o090170280301|Strong=3588 50 לְמַ֛עַן לְמַעַן SCONJ _ _ 51 mark _ Gloss=so.as|Ref=1SA_17:28!31|MId=o090170280311|Strong=4616 51 רְא֥וֹת רָאָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 54 advcl _ Gloss=to.see|Ref=1SA_17:28!32|MId=o090170280321|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:090170280112;A1:090170280332;|Type=infinitive_construct 52-53 הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 52 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 53 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_17:28!33|MId=o090170280331|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 53 מִּלְחָמָ֖ה מִלְחָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 51 obj _ Gloss=battle|Ref=1SA_17:28!33|MId=o090170280332|Strong=4421 54 יָרָֽדְתָּ יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 24 advcl _ Gloss=you.have.come.down|Ref=1SA_17:28!34|MId=o090170280341|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:090170280112;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 55 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 54 punct _ Ref=1SA_17:28!34 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּשְׁמַע *he heard* | wayyiqtol · qal | אֱלִיאָב *Eliab* | | | | | דַבְּר *spoke* | infinitive construct · piel | וֹ *he* | | | | | יִּֽחַר־ *it burned* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַף *the anger* | | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | אֱלִיאָב *of Eliab* | | | | | יָרַדְתָּ *have you come down* | qatal · qal | דָוִד *David* | | | | | נָטַשְׁתָּ *have you left* | qatal · qal | דָוִד *David* | צֹּאן *the sheep* | | | | יָדַעְתִּי *I know* | qatal · qal | אֲנִי *I* | זְדֹנ *presumption* + רֹעַ *the wickedness* | | | | רְאוֹת *to see* | infinitive construct · qal | דָוִד *David* | מִּלְחָמָה *battle* | | | | יָרָֽדְתָּ *you have come down* | qatal · qal | דָוִד *David* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּשְׁמַע אֱלִיאָב אֲחוּהִי רַבָּא בְּמַלָלוּתֵיהּ עִם גַבְרַיָא וּתְקֵיף רוּגְזָא דֶאֱלִיאָב בְּדָוִד וַאֲמַר לְמָה דְנַן נְחַתְתָּא וְעַל מַן רְטַשְׁתָּא זְעֵיר עָנָא הָאִינוּן בְּמַדְבְּרָא אֲנָא יְדַעְנָא יַת בַּקְרְנוּתָךְ וְיַת בִּישׁוּת לִבָּךְ אֲרֵי בְּדִיל לְמֶחְזֵי עָבְדֵי קְרָבָא נְחַתְתָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spoke unto the men; and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said: 'Why art thou come down? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.479/) 2. [I know thy presumptuousness, and the naughtiness of thy heart; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.480/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:433`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 17:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.17.27/) - next →: [1 Samuel 17:29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.17.29/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/17/)