--- title: 1 Samuel 18:3 — Then Jonathan made a covenant with David, because he loved him as hi… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Then Jonathan made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul. Who acts: Jonathan. 1 Samuel 18:3 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.18.3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/18/) / 18:3 # 1 Samuel 18:3 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** Jonathan · **What happens:** make, love · **To what, where:** covenant, David This is 1 Samuel 18:3 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Jonathan — and what happens in the verse to covenant, David, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּכְרֹ֧ת יְהוֹנָתָ֛ן וְדָוִ֖ד בְּרִ֑ית בְּאַהֲבָת֥וֹ אֹת֖וֹ כְּנַפְשֽׁוֹ׃ [Then Jonathan made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.517/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:466 # text = וַיִּכְרֹ֧ת יְהוֹנָתָ֛ן וְדָוִ֖ד בְּרִ֑ית בְּאַהֲבָת֥וֹ אֹת֖וֹ כְּנַפְשֽׁוֹ׃ # verse = 1SA.18.3 1-2 וַיִּכְרֹ֧ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_18:3!1|MId=o090180030011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּכְרֹ֧ת כָּרַת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.made|Ref=1SA_18:3!1|MId=o090180030012|Strong=3772|Frame=A0:090180030021;090180030032;A1:090180030041;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוֹנָתָ֛ן יְהוֹנָתָן PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Jonathan|Ref=1SA_18:3!2|MId=o090180030021|Strong=3083 4-5 וְדָוִ֖ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_18:3!3|MId=o090180030031|Strong=2050b 5 דָוִ֖ד דָּוִד PROPN _ _ 3 conj _ Gloss=David|Ref=1SA_18:3!3|MId=o090180030032|Strong=1732 6 בְּרִ֑ית בְּרִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 obj _ Gloss=a.covenant|Ref=1SA_18:3!4|MId=o090180030041|Strong=1285 7-9 בְּאַהֲבָת֥וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=because|Ref=1SA_18:3!5|MId=o090180030051|Strong=0871a 8 אַהֲבָת אַהֲבָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=he|Ref=1SA_18:3!5|MId=o090180030052|Strong=0160 9 ֥וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 nsubj _ Gloss=loved|Ref=1SA_18:3!5|MId=o090180030053|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 10-11 אֹת֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 אֹת אֵת ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=|Ref=1SA_18:3!6|MId=o090180030061|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 11 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 obj _ Gloss=him|Ref=1SA_18:3!6|MId=o090180030062|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 12-14 כְּנַפְשֽׁוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 כְּ כְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=1SA_18:3!7|MId=o090180030071|Strong=3509a 13 נַפְשׁ נֶפֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 8 obl _ Gloss=his.own|Ref=1SA_18:3!7|MId=o090180030072|Strong=5315 14 ֽוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ Gloss=self|Ref=1SA_18:3!7|MId=o090180030073|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 15 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 14 punct _ Ref=1SA_18:3!7 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּכְרֹת *he made* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוֹנָתָן *Jonathan* + דָוִד *David* | בְּרִית *a covenant* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּגְזַר יְהוֹנָתָן וְדָוִד קְיָם בִּדְרָחֵם יָתֵיהּ כְּנַפְשֵׁיהּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Then Jonathan made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.517/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:466`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 18:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.18.2/) - next →: [1 Samuel 18:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.18.4/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/18/)