--- title: 1 Samuel 20:1 — And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonath… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan: 'What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?' Who acts: David, I, iniquity. 1 Samuel 20:1 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmati --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/20/) / 20:1 # 1 Samuel 20:1 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** David, I, iniquity · **What happens:** flee, come, say, do, be, seek · **To what, where:** Naioth, iniquity, sin, life · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Samuel 20:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — David, I, iniquity — and what happens in the verse to Naioth, iniquity, sin, life, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּבְרַ֣ח דָּוִ֔ד מִנָּי֖וֹת בָּרָמָ֑ה וַיָּבֹ֞א וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ׀ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוֹנָתָ֗ן מֶ֤ה עָשִׂ֙יתִי֙ מֶֽה־עֲוֺנִ֤י וּמֶֽה־חַטָּאתִי֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ כִּ֥י מְבַקֵּ֖שׁ אֶת־נַפְשִֽׁי׃ [And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan: 'What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.576/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:518 # text = וַיִּבְרַ֣ח דָּוִ֔ד מִנָּי֖וֹת בָּרָמָ֑ה וַיָּבֹ֞א וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ׀ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוֹנָתָ֗ן מֶ֤ה עָשִׂ֙יתִי֙ מֶֽה־עֲוֺנִ֤י וּמֶֽה־חַטָּאתִי֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ כִּ֥י מְבַקֵּ֖שׁ אֶת־נַפְשִֽׁי׃ # verse = 1SA.20.1 1-2 וַיִּבְרַ֣ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:1!1|MId=o090200010011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּבְרַ֣ח בָּרַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.fled|Ref=1SA_20:1!1|MId=o090200010012|Strong=1272|Frame=A0:090200010021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 דָּוִ֔ד דָּוִד PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=David|Ref=1SA_20:1!2|MId=o090200010021|Strong=1732 4-5 מִנָּי֖וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=1SA_20:1!4|MId=o090200010041|Strong=4480 5 נָּי֖וֹת נָיֹות PROPN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=Naioth|Ref=1SA_20:1!4|MId=o090200010042|Strong=5121b 6-8 בָּרָמָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 בָּ בְּ ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=1SA_20:1!5|MId=o090200010051|Strong=0871a 7 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1SA_20:1!5|MId=o090200010051ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 8 רָמָ֑ה רָמָה PROPN _ _ 5 nmod _ Gloss=Ramah|Ref=1SA_20:1!5|MId=o090200010052|Strong=7414 9-10 וַיָּבֹ֞א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:1!6|MId=o090200010061|Strong=2050b 10 יָּבֹ֞א בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.went|Ref=1SA_20:1!6|MId=o090200010062|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:090200010021;|Type=wayyiqtol 11-12 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:1!7|MId=o090200010071|Strong=2050b 12 יֹּ֣אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1SA_20:1!7|MId=o090200010072|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:090200010021;|Type=wayyiqtol 13 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 12 punct _ Ref=1SA_20:1!7 14-15 לִפְנֵ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=1SA_20:1!8|MId=o090200010081|Strong=3807a 15 פְנֵ֣י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 12 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=1SA_20:1!8|MId=o090200010082|Strong=6440 16 יְהוֹנָתָ֗ן יְהוֹנָתָן PROPN _ _ 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Jonathan|Ref=1SA_20:1!9|MId=o090200010091|Strong=3083 17 מֶ֤ה מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 18 obj _ Gloss=what?|Ref=1SA_20:1!10|MId=o090200010101|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative 18 עָשִׂ֙יתִי֙ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 12 ccomp _ Gloss=have.I.done|Ref=1SA_20:1!11|MId=o090200010111|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:090200010021;A1:090200010101;|Type=qatal 19 מֶֽה־ מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 18 parataxis _ Gloss=what?|Ref=1SA_20:1!12|MId=o090200010121|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative|SpaceAfter=No 20-21 עֲוֺנִ֤י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 עֲוֺנ עָוֺן NOUN _ Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ Gloss=iniquity|Ref=1SA_20:1!13|MId=o090200010131|Strong=5771 21 ִ֤י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ Gloss=[is].my|Ref=1SA_20:1!13|MId=o090200010132|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 22-23 וּמֶֽה־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:1!14|MId=o090200010141|Strong=2050b 23 מֶֽה־ מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 18 conj _ Gloss=what?|Ref=1SA_20:1!14|MId=o090200010142|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative 24-25 חַטָּאתִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 חַטָּאת חַטָּאת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ Gloss=sin|Ref=1SA_20:1!15|MId=o090200010151|Strong=2403 25 ִי֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 24 nmod:poss _ Gloss=[is].my|Ref=1SA_20:1!15|MId=o090200010152|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 26-27 לִפְנֵ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=1SA_20:1!16|MId=o090200010161|Strong=3807a 27 פְנֵ֣י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 23 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=1SA_20:1!16|MId=o090200010162|Strong=6440 28-29 אָבִ֔יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 אָבִ֔י אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 27 compound:smixut _ Gloss=father|Ref=1SA_20:1!17|MId=o090200010171|Strong=0001 29 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 28 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1SA_20:1!17|MId=o090200010172|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 30 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 31 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=1SA_20:1!18|MId=o090200010181|Strong=3588 31 מְבַקֵּ֖שׁ בָּקַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing 23 parataxis _ Gloss=[he.is].seeking|Ref=1SA_20:1!19|MId=o090200010191|Strong=1245|Frame=A0:090200010171;A1:090200010211;|Type=participle_active 32 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 33 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1SA_20:1!20|MId=o090200010201|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 33-34 נַפְשִֽׁי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 נַפְשׁ נֶפֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 31 obj _ Gloss=life|Ref=1SA_20:1!21|MId=o090200010211|Strong=5315 34 ִֽי הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 33 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=1SA_20:1!21|MId=o090200010212|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 35 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 34 punct _ Ref=1SA_20:1!21 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּבְרַח *he fled* | wayyiqtol · qal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | יָּבֹא *he went* | wayyiqtol · qal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | עָשִׂיתִי *have I done* | qatal · qal | דָּוִד *David* | מֶה *what?* | | | | מְבַקֵּשׁ *\[he is\] seeking* | participle active · piel | אָבִי *father* | נַפְשׁ *life* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַעֲרַק דָוִד מִבֵּית אוּלְפָנָא דִי בְרָמָתָא וַאֲתָא וַאֲמַר קֳדָם יְהוֹנָתָן מֶה עֲבָדִית מֶה חוֹבִי וּמֶה סוּרְחָנִי קֳדָם אָבוּךְ אֲרֵי בָּעִי לְמִקְטְלִי: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan: 'What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.576/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:518`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 19:24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.19.24/) - next →: [1 Samuel 20:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.2/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/20/)