--- title: 1 Samuel 20:3 — And David swore moreover, and said: 'Thy father knoweth well that I… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And David swore moreover, and said: 'Thy father knoweth well that I have found favour in thine eyes; and he saith: Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved; but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.' Who acts: David, father, I, Jonathan. 1 --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/20/) / 20:3 # 1 Samuel 20:3 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** David, father, I, Jonathan, LORD, soul · **What happens:** swear, say, know, find, not let, grieve · **To what, where:** favour, eyes, Jonathan, this, David · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Samuel 20:3 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — David, father, I, Jonathan, LORD, soul — and what happens in the verse to favour, eyes, Jonathan, this, David, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּשָּׁבַ֨ע ע֜וֹד דָּוִ֗ד וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ יָדֹ֨עַ יָדַ֜ע אָבִ֗יךָ כִּֽי־מָצָ֤אתִי חֵן֙ בְּעֵינֶ֔יךָ וַיֹּ֛אמֶר אַל־יֵֽדַע־זֹ֥את יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן פֶּן־יֵֽעָצֵ֑ב וְאוּלָ֗ם חַי־יְהוָה֙ וְחֵ֣י נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ כִּ֣י כְפֶ֔שַׂע בֵּינִ֖י וּבֵ֥ין הַמָּֽוֶת׃ [And David swore moreover, and said: 'Thy father knoweth well that I have found favour in thine eyes; and he saith: Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved; but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.578/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:520 # text = וַיִּשָּׁבַ֨ע ע֜וֹד דָּוִ֗ד וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ יָדֹ֨עַ יָדַ֜ע אָבִ֗יךָ כִּֽי־מָצָ֤אתִי חֵן֙ בְּעֵינֶ֔יךָ וַיֹּ֛אמֶר אַל־יֵֽדַע־זֹ֥את יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן פֶּן־יֵֽעָצֵ֑ב וְאוּלָ֗ם חַי־יְהוָה֙ וְחֵ֣י נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ כִּ֣י כְפֶ֔שַׂע בֵּינִ֖י וּבֵ֥ין הַמָּֽוֶת׃ # verse = 1SA.20.3 1-2 וַיִּשָּׁבַ֨ע _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:3!1|MId=o090200030011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּשָּׁבַ֨ע שָׁבַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.swore.an.oath|Ref=1SA_20:3!1|MId=o090200030012|Strong=7650|Frame=A0:090200030031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 ע֜וֹד עוֹד ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ Gloss=again|Ref=1SA_20:3!2|MId=o090200030021|Strong=5750 4 דָּוִ֗ד דָּוִד PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=David|Ref=1SA_20:3!3|MId=o090200030031|Strong=1732 5-6 וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:3!4|MId=o090200030041|Strong=2050b 6 יֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1SA_20:3!4|MId=o090200030042|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:090200030031;|Type=wayyiqtol 7 יָדֹ֨עַ יָדַע VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 8 obl:npmod _ Gloss=well.(know)|Ref=1SA_20:3!5|MId=o090200030051|Strong=3045|Type=infinitive_absolute 8 יָדַ֜ע יָדַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 6 ccomp _ Gloss=he.knows|Ref=1SA_20:3!6|MId=o090200030061|Strong=3045|Frame=A0:090200030071;A1:090200030091;|Type=qatal 9-10 אָבִ֗יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 אָבִ֗י אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ Gloss=father|Ref=1SA_20:3!7|MId=o090200030071|Strong=0001 10 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1SA_20:3!7|MId=o090200030072|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 11 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 12 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=1SA_20:3!8|MId=o090200030081|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 12 מָצָ֤אתִי מָצָא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 8 ccomp _ Gloss=I.have.found|Ref=1SA_20:3!9|MId=o090200030091|Strong=4672|Frame=A0:090200030031;A1:090200030101;|Type=qatal 13 חֵן֙ חֵן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obj _ Gloss=favor|Ref=1SA_20:3!10|MId=o090200030101|Strong=2580 14-16 בְּעֵינֶ֔יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=1SA_20:3!11|MId=o090200030111|Strong=0871a 15 עֵינֶ֔י עַיִן NOUN _ Number=Dual 12 obl _ Gloss=eyes|Ref=1SA_20:3!11|MId=o090200030112|Strong=5869 16 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1SA_20:3!11|MId=o090200030113|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 17-18 וַיֹּ֛אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:3!12|MId=o090200030121|Strong=2050b 18 יֹּ֛אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.has.said|Ref=1SA_20:3!12|MId=o090200030122|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:090200030071;|Type=wayyiqtol 19 אַל־ אַל ADV _ _ 20 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=1SA_20:3!13|MId=o090200030131|Strong=0408|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 20 יֵֽדַע־ יָדַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 18 ccomp _ Gloss=let.him.know|Ref=1SA_20:3!14|MId=o090200030141|Strong=3045|Frame=A1:090200030151;A0:090200030161;|Type=jussive|SpaceAfter=No 21 זֹ֥את זֹאת PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 20 obj _ Gloss=this|Ref=1SA_20:3!15|MId=o090200030151|Strong=2063|Type=demonstrative 22 יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן יְהוֹנָתָן PROPN _ _ 20 nsubj _ Gloss=Jonathan|Ref=1SA_20:3!16|MId=o090200030161|Strong=3083 23 פֶּן־ פֶּן SCONJ _ _ 24 mark _ Gloss=lest|Ref=1SA_20:3!17|MId=o090200030171|Strong=6435|SpaceAfter=No 24 יֵֽעָצֵ֑ב עָצַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 20 advcl _ Gloss=he.should.be.grieved|Ref=1SA_20:3!18|MId=o090200030181|Strong=6087a|Frame=A1:090200030161;|Type=yiqtol 25-26 וְאוּלָ֗ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 27 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:3!19|MId=o090200030191|Strong=2050b 26 אוּלָ֗ם אוּלָם ADV _ _ 27 advmod _ Gloss=but|Ref=1SA_20:3!19|MId=o090200030192|Strong=0199 27 חַי־ חַי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 conj _ Gloss=[by].the.life|Ref=1SA_20:3!20|MId=o090200030201|Strong=2416|Type=adjective|SpaceAfter=No 28 יְהוָה֙ יהוה PROPN _ _ 27 nsubj _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=1SA_20:3!21|MId=o090200030211|Strong=3068 29-30 וְחֵ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and.[by]|Ref=1SA_20:3!22|MId=o090200030221|Strong=2050b 30 חֵ֣י חַי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 27 conj _ Gloss=the.life|Ref=1SA_20:3!22|MId=o090200030222|Strong=2416|Type=adjective 31-32 נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 נַפְשׁ נֶפֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ Gloss=your.self|Ref=1SA_20:3!23|MId=o090200030231|Strong=5315 32 ֶ֔ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 31 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1SA_20:3!23|MId=o090200030232|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 33 כִּ֣י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 35 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=1SA_20:3!24|MId=o090200030241|Strong=3588 34-35 כְפֶ֔שַׂע _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 כְ כְּ ADP _ _ 35 case _ Gloss=about|Ref=1SA_20:3!25|MId=o090200030251|Strong=3509a 35 פֶ֔שַׂע פֶּשַׂע NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 advcl _ Gloss=a.step|Ref=1SA_20:3!25|MId=o090200030252|Strong=6587 36-37 בֵּינִ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 בֵּינ בֵּין ADP _ _ 37 case _ Gloss=[is].between|Ref=1SA_20:3!26|MId=o090200030261|Strong=0996 37 ִ֖י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 35 obl _ Gloss=me|Ref=1SA_20:3!26|MId=o090200030262|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 38-39 וּבֵ֥ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 41 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_20:3!27|MId=o090200030271|Strong=2050b 39 בֵ֥ין בֵּין ADP _ _ 41 case _ Gloss=between|Ref=1SA_20:3!27|MId=o090200030272|Strong=0996 40-41 הַמָּֽוֶת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 41 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1SA_20:3!28|MId=o090200030281|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 41 מָּֽוֶת מָוֶת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 37 conj _ Gloss=death|Ref=1SA_20:3!28|MId=o090200030282|Strong=4194 42 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 41 punct _ Ref=1SA_20:3!28 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּשָּׁבַע *he swore an oath* | wayyiqtol · niphal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | יָדַע *he knows* | qatal · qal | אָבִי *father* | מָצָאתִי *I have found* | | | | מָצָאתִי *I have found* | qatal · qal | דָּוִד *David* | חֵן *favor* | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he has said* | wayyiqtol · qal | אָבִי *father* | | | | | **not** יֵֽדַע־ *let him know* | jussive · qal | יְהוֹנָתָן *Jonathan* | זֹאת *this* | | | | יֵֽעָצֵב *he should be grieved* | yiqtol · niphal | | יְהוֹנָתָן *Jonathan* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְקַיֵם עוֹד דָוִד וַאֲמַר מִדַע יְדַע אֲבוּךְ אֲרֵי אַשְׁכְּחִית רַחֲמִין בְּעֵינָךְ וַאֲמַר לָא יְדַע דָא יְהוֹנָתָן דִלְמָא יִתְנְסֵיס וּבְרַם קַיָם הוּא יְיָ וְחַיֵי נַפְשָׁךְ אֲרֵי כְפִסְעָא חֲדָא בֵּינָא וּבֵין מוֹתָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And David swore moreover, and said: 'Thy father knoweth well that I have found favour in thine eyes; and he saith: Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved; but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.578/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:520`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 20:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.2/) - next →: [1 Samuel 20:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.4/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/20/)