--- title: 1 Samuel 22:1 — David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave of Adullam;… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave of Adullam; and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him. Who acts: David, brethren. 1 Samuel 22:1 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.22.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/22/) / 22:1 # 1 Samuel 22:1 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** David, brethren · **What happens:** depart, escape, hear, go down · **To what, where:** cave, house, David This is 1 Samuel 22:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — David, brethren — and what happens in the verse to cave, house, David, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ דָּוִד֙ מִשָּׁ֔ם וַיִּמָּלֵ֖ט אֶל־מְעָרַ֣ת עֲדֻלָּ֑ם וַיִּשְׁמְע֤וּ אֶחָיו֙ וְכָל־בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֔יו וַיֵּרְד֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו שָֽׁמָּה׃ [David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave of Adullam; and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.637/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:576 # text = וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ דָּוִד֙ מִשָּׁ֔ם וַיִּמָּלֵ֖ט אֶל־מְעָרַ֣ת עֲדֻלָּ֑ם וַיִּשְׁמְע֤וּ אֶחָיו֙ וְכָל־בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֔יו וַיֵּרְד֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו שָֽׁמָּה׃ # verse = 1SA.22.1 1-2 וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_22:1!1|MId=o090220010011|Strong=2050b 2 יֵּ֤לֶךְ הלך VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.went|Ref=1SA_22:1!1|MId=o090220010012|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:090220010021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 דָּוִד֙ דָּוִד PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=David|Ref=1SA_22:1!2|MId=o090220010021|Strong=1732 4-5 מִשָּׁ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=1SA_22:1!3|MId=o090220010031|Strong=4480 5 שָּׁ֔ם שָׁם ADV _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=there|Ref=1SA_22:1!3|MId=o090220010032|Strong=8033 6-7 וַיִּמָּלֵ֖ט _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_22:1!4|MId=o090220010041|Strong=2050b 7 יִּמָּלֵ֖ט מָלַט VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.escaped|Ref=1SA_22:1!4|MId=o090220010042|Strong=4422|Frame=A0:090220010021;|Type=wayyiqtol 8 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1SA_22:1!5|MId=o090220010051|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 9 מְעָרַ֣ת מְעָרָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 obl _ Gloss=the.cave|Ref=1SA_22:1!6|MId=o090220010061|Strong=4631 10 עֲדֻלָּ֑ם עֲדֻלָּם PROPN _ _ 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Adullam|Ref=1SA_22:1!7|MId=o090220010071|Strong=5725 11-12 וַיִּשְׁמְע֤וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_22:1!8|MId=o090220010081|Strong=2050b 12 יִּשְׁמְע֤וּ שָׁמַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.heard|Ref=1SA_22:1!8|MId=o090220010082|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:090220010091;090220010111;|Type=wayyiqtol 13-14 אֶחָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 אֶחָי אָח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ Gloss=brothers|Ref=1SA_22:1!9|MId=o090220010091|Strong=0251 14 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1SA_22:1!9|MId=o090220010092|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 15-16 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_22:1!10|MId=o090220010101|Strong=2050b 16 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=1SA_22:1!10|MId=o090220010102|Strong=3605 17 בֵּ֣ית בַּיִת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.household|Ref=1SA_22:1!11|MId=o090220010111|Strong=1004 18-19 אָבִ֔יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 אָבִ֔י אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=his.father|Ref=1SA_22:1!12|MId=o090220010121|Strong=0001 19 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1SA_22:1!12|MId=o090220010122|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 20-21 וַיֵּרְד֥וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_22:1!13|MId=o090220010131|Strong=2050b 21 יֵּרְד֥וּ יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.went.down|Ref=1SA_22:1!13|MId=o090220010132|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:090220010091;090220010111;|Type=wayyiqtol 22-23 אֵלָ֖יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 אֵלָ֖י אֶל ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1SA_22:1!14|MId=o090220010141|Strong=0413 23 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=1SA_22:1!14|MId=o090220010142|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 24-25 שָֽׁמָּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 שָֽׁמּ שָׁם ADV _ _ 21 advmod _ Gloss=to|Ref=1SA_22:1!15|MId=o090220010151|Strong=8033 25 ָה ה X _ _ 24 nmod _ Gloss=(to)|Ref=1SA_22:1!15|MId=o090220010152|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 26 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 25 punct _ Ref=1SA_22:1!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֵּלֶךְ *he went* | wayyiqtol · qal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | יִּמָּלֵט *he escaped* | wayyiqtol · niphal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | יִּשְׁמְעוּ *they heard* | wayyiqtol · qal | אֶחָי *brothers* + בֵּית *the household* | | | | | יֵּרְדוּ *they went down* | wayyiqtol · qal | אֶחָי *brothers* + בֵּית *the household* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲזַל דָוִד מִתַּמָן וְאִשְׁתֵּיזֵיב לִמְעָרַת עֲדֻלָם וּשְׁמָעוּ אַחוֹהִי וּבֵית אֲבוּהִי וּנְחָתוּ לְוָתֵיהּ לְתַמָן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave of Adullam; and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.637/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:576`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 21:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.21.16/) - next →: [1 Samuel 22:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.22.2/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/22/)