--- title: 1 Samuel 31:12 — all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan; and they came to Jabesh, and burnt them there. Who acts: valiant men, men. 1 Samuel 31:12 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/31/) / 31:12 # 1 Samuel 31:12 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** valiant men, men · **What happens:** arise, go, take, come, burnt · **To what, where:** body, wall, Jabesh, men This is 1 Samuel 31:12 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — valiant men, men — and what happens in the verse to body, wall, Jabesh, men, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיָּק֜וּמוּ כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ חַיִל֮ וַיֵּלְכ֣וּ כָל־הַלַּיְלָה֒ וַיִּקְח֞וּ אֶת־גְּוִיַּ֣ת שָׁא֗וּל וְאֵת֙ גְּוִיֹּ֣ת בָּנָ֔יו מֵחוֹמַ֖ת בֵּ֣ית שָׁ֑ן בֵּ֣ית שָׁ֑ן וַיָּבֹ֣אוּ יָבֵ֔שָׁה וַיִּשְׂרְפ֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם שָֽׁם׃ [all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan; and they came to Jabesh, and burnt them there.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.893/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:809 # text = וַיָּק֜וּמוּ כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ חַיִל֮ וַיֵּלְכ֣וּ כָל־הַלַּיְלָה֒ וַיִּקְח֞וּ אֶת־גְּוִיַּ֣ת שָׁא֗וּל וְאֵת֙ גְּוִיֹּ֣ת בָּנָ֔יו מֵחוֹמַ֖ת בֵּ֣ית שָׁ֑ן בֵּ֣ית שָׁ֑ן וַיָּבֹ֣אוּ יָבֵ֔שָׁה וַיִּשְׂרְפ֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם שָֽׁם׃ # verse = 1SA.31.12 1-2 וַיָּק֜וּמוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:12!1|MId=o090310120011|Strong=2050b 2 יָּק֜וּמוּ קוּם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.arose|Ref=1SA_31:12!1|MId=o090310120012|Strong=6965|Frame=A0:090310120031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Gloss=every|Ref=1SA_31:12!2|MId=o090310120021|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 4 אִ֣ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 compound:smixut _ Gloss=man|Ref=1SA_31:12!3|MId=o090310120031|Strong=0376 5 חַיִל֮ חַיִל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.strength|Ref=1SA_31:12!4|MId=o090310120041|Strong=2428 6-7 וַיֵּלְכ֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:12!5|MId=o090310120051|Strong=2050b 7 יֵּלְכ֣וּ הלך VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.went|Ref=1SA_31:12!5|MId=o090310120052|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:090310120031;|Type=wayyiqtol 8 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=1SA_31:12!6|MId=o090310120061|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 9-10 הַלַּיְלָה֒ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_31:12!7|MId=o090310120071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 לַּיְלָה֒ לַיְלָה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=night|Ref=1SA_31:12!7|MId=o090310120072|Strong=3915 11-12 וַיִּקְח֞וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:12!8|MId=o090310120081|Strong=2050b 12 יִּקְח֞וּ לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.took|Ref=1SA_31:12!8|MId=o090310120082|Strong=3947|Frame=A0:090310120031;A1:090310120101;090310120131;|Type=wayyiqtol 13 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1SA_31:12!9|MId=o090310120091|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 14 גְּוִיַּ֣ת גְּוִיָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 12 obj _ Gloss=the.corpse|Ref=1SA_31:12!10|MId=o090310120101|Strong=1472 15 שָׁא֗וּל שָׁאוּל PROPN _ _ 14 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Saul|Ref=1SA_31:12!11|MId=o090310120111|Strong=7586 16-17 וְאֵת֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:12!12|MId=o090310120121|Strong=2050b 17 אֵת֙ אֵת ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1SA_31:12!12|MId=o090310120122|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 18 גְּוִיֹּ֣ת גְּוִיָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 14 conj _ Gloss=the.corpses|Ref=1SA_31:12!13|MId=o090310120131|Strong=1472 19-20 בָּנָ֔יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 בָּנָ֔י בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=his.sons|Ref=1SA_31:12!14|MId=o090310120141|Strong=1121 20 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1SA_31:12!14|MId=o090310120142|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 21-22 מֵחוֹמַ֖ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=1SA_31:12!15|MId=o090310120151|Strong=4480 22 חוֹמַ֖ת חוֹמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=the.wall|Ref=1SA_31:12!15|MId=o090310120152|Strong=2346 23 בֵּ֣ית בֵּית PROPN _ _ 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of|Ref=1SA_31:12!16|MId=o090310120161 24 שָׁ֑ן שְׁאָן PROPN _ _ 23 flat:name _ Ref=1SA_31:12!16 25 בֵּ֣ית בֵּית PROPN _ _ 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Beth.Shan|Ref=1SA_31:12!17|MId=o090310120171 26 שָׁ֑ן שְׁאָן PROPN _ _ 25 flat:name _ Ref=1SA_31:12!17 27-28 וַיָּבֹ֣אוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 28 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:12!18|MId=o090310120181|Strong=2050b 28 יָּבֹ֣אוּ בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.went|Ref=1SA_31:12!18|MId=o090310120182|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:090310120031;|Type=wayyiqtol 29-30 יָבֵ֔שָׁה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 יָבֵ֔שׁ יָבֵישׁ PROPN _ _ 28 obl _ Gloss=to|Ref=1SA_31:12!19|MId=o090310120191|Strong=3003a 30 ָה ה X _ _ 29 nmod _ Gloss=Jabesh|Ref=1SA_31:12!19|MId=o090310120192|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 31-32 וַיִּשְׂרְפ֥וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:12!20|MId=o090310120201|Strong=2050b 32 יִּשְׂרְפ֥וּ שָׂרַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.burned|Ref=1SA_31:12!20|MId=o090310120202|Strong=8313|Frame=A0:090310120031;A1:090310120202;|Type=wayyiqtol 33-34 אֹתָ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 אֹת אֵת ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=|Ref=1SA_31:12!21|MId=o090310120211|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 34 ָ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 obj _ Gloss=them|Ref=1SA_31:12!21|MId=o090310120212|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 35 שָֽׁם שָׁם ADV _ _ 32 advmod _ Gloss=there|Ref=1SA_31:12!22|MId=o090310120221|Strong=8033|SpaceAfter=No 36 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 35 punct _ Ref=1SA_31:12!22 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יָּקוּמוּ *they arose* | wayyiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *man* | | | | | יֵּלְכוּ *they went* | wayyiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *man* | | | | | יִּקְחוּ *they took* | wayyiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *man* | גְּוִיַּת *the corpse* + גְּוִיֹּת *the corpses* | | | | יָּבֹאוּ *they went* | wayyiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *man* | | | | | יִּשְׂרְפוּ *they burned* | wayyiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *man* | יִּשְׂרְפוּ *they burned* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְקָמוּ כָּל גְבַר גִבַּר וַאֲזַלוּ כָּל לֵילְיָא וּנְסִיבוּ יַת גוּפָא דְשָׁאוּל וְיַת גוּפֵי בְּנוֹהִי מִשׁוּרָא דְבֵית שָׁן וַאֲתוֹ לְיָבֵשׁ וּקְלוֹ עֲלֵיהוֹן כְּמָא דְקָלַן עַל מַלְכַיָא תַּמָן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan; and they came to Jabesh, and burnt them there.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.893/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:809`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 31:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.11/) - next →: [1 Samuel 31:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.13/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/31/)