--- title: 1 Samuel 31:4 — Then said Saul to his armour-bearer: 'Draw thy sword, and thrust me… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Then said Saul to his armour-bearer: 'Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and make a mock of me.' But his armour-bearer would not; for he was sore afraid. Therefore Saul took his sword, and fell upon it. Who acts: Saul, uncircumcised. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/31/) / 31:4 # 1 Samuel 31:4 שְׁמוּאֵל א **Who acts:** Saul, uncircumcised · **What happens:** say, draw, thrust, come, thrust through, make · **To what, where:** sword, me, mock · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 1 Samuel 31:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Saul, uncircumcised — and what happens in the verse to sword, me, mock, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 31 chapters of 1 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שָׁאוּל֩ לְנֹשֵׂ֨א כֵלָ֜יו שְׁלֹ֥ף חַרְבְּךָ֣ ׀ וְדָקְרֵ֣נִי בָ֗הּ פֶּן־יָ֠בוֹאוּ הָעֲרֵלִ֨ים הָאֵ֤לֶּה וּדְקָרֻ֙נִי֙ וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ־בִ֔י וְלֹ֤א אָבָה֙ נֹשֵׂ֣א כֵלָ֔יו כִּ֥י יָרֵ֖א מְאֹ֑ד וַיִּקַּ֤ח שָׁאוּל֙ אֶת־הַחֶ֔רֶב וַיִּפֹּ֖ל עָלֶֽיהָ׃ [Then said Saul to his armour-bearer: 'Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and make a mock of me.' But his armour-bearer would not; for he was sore afraid.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.884/) [Therefore Saul took his sword, and fell upon it.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.885/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:1SA:801 # text = וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שָׁאוּל֩ לְנֹשֵׂ֨א כֵלָ֜יו שְׁלֹ֥ף חַרְבְּךָ֣ ׀ וְדָקְרֵ֣נִי בָ֗הּ פֶּן־יָ֠בוֹאוּ הָעֲרֵלִ֨ים הָאֵ֤לֶּה וּדְקָרֻ֙נִי֙ וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ־בִ֔י וְלֹ֤א אָבָה֙ נֹשֵׂ֣א כֵלָ֔יו כִּ֥י יָרֵ֖א מְאֹ֑ד וַיִּקַּ֤ח שָׁאוּל֙ אֶת־הַחֶ֔רֶב וַיִּפֹּ֖ל עָלֶֽיהָ׃ # verse = 1SA.31.4 1-2 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:4!1|MId=o090310040011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֣אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=1SA_31:4!1|MId=o090310040012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:090310040021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 שָׁאוּל֩ שָׁאוּל PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Saul|Ref=1SA_31:4!2|MId=o090310040021|Strong=7586 4-5 לְנֹשֵׂ֨א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=1SA_31:4!3|MId=o090310040031|Strong=3807a 5 נֹשֵׂ֨א נָשָׂא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 2 advcl _ Gloss=the.bearer|Ref=1SA_31:4!3|MId=o090310040032|Strong=5375|Frame=A1:090310040041;|Type=participle_active 6-7 כֵלָ֜יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 כֵלָ֜י כְּלִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=his.armor(s)|Ref=1SA_31:4!4|MId=o090310040041|Strong=3627 7 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1SA_31:4!4|MId=o090310040042|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 8 שְׁלֹ֥ף שָׁלַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 ccomp _ Gloss=draw|Ref=1SA_31:4!5|MId=o090310040051|Strong=8025|Frame=A0:090310040032;A1:090310040061;|Type=imperative 9-10 חַרְבְּךָ֣ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 חַרְבּ חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 obj _ Gloss=sword|Ref=1SA_31:4!6|MId=o090310040061|Strong=2719 10 ְךָ֣ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=1SA_31:4!6|MId=o090310040062|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 11 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 10 punct _ Ref=1SA_31:4!6 12-14 וְדָקְרֵ֣נִי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:4!7|MId=o090310040071|Strong=2050b 13 דָקְר דָּקַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 8 conj _ Gloss=pierce|Ref=1SA_31:4!7|MId=o090310040072|Strong=1856|Frame=A0:090310040032;A1:090310040073;|Type=imperative 14 ֵ֣נִי הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 13 obj _ Gloss=me.through|Ref=1SA_31:4!7|MId=o090310040073|Strong=5204a|Type=pronominal 15-16 בָ֗הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 ב בְּ ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=1SA_31:4!8|MId=o090310040081|Strong=0871a 16 ָ֗הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=1SA_31:4!8|MId=o090310040082|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 17 פֶּן־ פֶּן SCONJ _ _ 18 mark _ Gloss=lest|Ref=1SA_31:4!9|MId=o090310040091|Strong=6435|SpaceAfter=No 18 יָ֠בוֹאוּ בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 8 advcl _ Gloss=they.should.come|Ref=1SA_31:4!10|MId=o090310040101|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:090310040112;|Type=yiqtol 19-20 הָעֲרֵלִ֨ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the.uncircumcised|Ref=1SA_31:4!11|MId=o090310040111|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 עֲרֵלִ֨ים עָרֵל ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 18 nsubj _ Gloss=[men]|Ref=1SA_31:4!11|MId=o090310040112|Strong=6189|Type=adjective 21-22 הָאֵ֤לֶּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=1SA_31:4!12|MId=o090310040121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 אֵ֤לֶּה אֵלֶּה DET _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 20 det _ Gloss=these|Ref=1SA_31:4!12|MId=o090310040122|Strong=0428|Type=demonstrative 23-25 וּדְקָרֻ֙נִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:4!13|MId=o090310040131|Strong=2050b 24 דְקָרֻ֙ דָּקַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 8 conj _ Gloss=they|Ref=1SA_31:4!13|MId=o090310040132|Strong=1856|Frame=A0:090310040112;A1:090310040133;|Type=qatal 25 נִי֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 24 obj _ Gloss=will.pierce.me.through|Ref=1SA_31:4!13|MId=o090310040133|Strong=5204a|Type=pronominal 26-27 וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 27 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:4!14|MId=o090310040141|Strong=2050b 27 הִתְעַלְּלוּ־ עָלַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HITHPAEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 8 conj _ Gloss=they.will.deal.wantonly|Ref=1SA_31:4!14|MId=o090310040142|Strong=5953|Frame=A0:090310040112;|Type=qatal 28-29 בִ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 ב בְּ ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=1SA_31:4!15|MId=o090310040151|Strong=0871a 29 ִ֔י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 27 obl _ Gloss=me|Ref=1SA_31:4!15|MId=o090310040152|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 30-31 וְלֹ֤א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:4!16|MId=o090310040161|Strong=2050b 31 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 32 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=1SA_31:4!16|MId=o090310040162|Strong=3808|Type=negative 32 אָבָה֙ אָבָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 8 conj _ Gloss=he.was.willing|Ref=1SA_31:4!17|MId=o090310040171|Strong=0014|Frame=A0:090310040181;|Type=qatal 33 נֹשֵׂ֣א נָשָׂא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 32 nsubj _ Gloss=the.bearer|Ref=1SA_31:4!18|MId=o090310040181|Strong=5375|Frame=A1:090310040191;|Type=participle_active 34-35 כֵלָ֔יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 כֵלָ֔י כְּלִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 33 compound:smixut _ Gloss=his.armor(s)|Ref=1SA_31:4!19|MId=o090310040191|Strong=3627 35 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=1SA_31:4!19|MId=o090310040192|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 36 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 37 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=1SA_31:4!20|MId=o090310040201|Strong=3588 37 יָרֵ֖א יָרֵא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 8 advcl _ Gloss=he.was.afraid|Ref=1SA_31:4!21|MId=o090310040211|Strong=3372|Frame=A0:090310040181;|Type=qatal 38 מְאֹ֑ד מְאֹד ADV _ _ 37 advmod _ Gloss=exceedingly|Ref=1SA_31:4!22|MId=o090310040221|Strong=3966 39-40 וַיִּקַּ֤ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 40 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:4!23|MId=o090310040231|Strong=2050b 40 יִּקַּ֤ח לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.took|Ref=1SA_31:4!23|MId=o090310040232|Strong=3947|Frame=A0:090310040241;A1:090310040262;|Type=wayyiqtol 41 שָׁאוּל֙ שָׁאוּל PROPN _ _ 40 nsubj _ Gloss=Saul|Ref=1SA_31:4!24|MId=o090310040241|Strong=7586 42 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 44 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=1SA_31:4!25|MId=o090310040251|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 43-44 הַחֶ֔רֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 44 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=1SA_31:4!26|MId=o090310040261|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 44 חֶ֔רֶב חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 40 obj _ Gloss=sword|Ref=1SA_31:4!26|MId=o090310040262|Strong=2719 45-46 וַיִּפֹּ֖ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 46 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=1SA_31:4!27|MId=o090310040271|Strong=2050b 46 יִּפֹּ֖ל נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.fell|Ref=1SA_31:4!27|MId=o090310040272|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:090310040241;|Type=wayyiqtol 47-48 עָלֶֽיהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 עָלֶֽי עַל ADP _ _ 48 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=1SA_31:4!28|MId=o090310040281|Strong=5921 48 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 46 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=1SA_31:4!28|MId=o090310040282|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 49 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 48 punct _ Ref=1SA_31:4!28 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* | | | | | נֹשֵׂא *the bearer* | participle active · qal | | כֵלָי *his armor(s)* | | | | שְׁלֹף *draw* | imperative · qal | נֹשֵׂא *the bearer* | חַרְבּ *sword* | | | | דָקְר *pierce* | imperative · qal | נֹשֵׂא *the bearer* | ֵנִי *me through* | | | | יָבוֹאוּ *they should come* | yiqtol · qal | עֲרֵלִים *\[men\]* | | | | | דְקָרֻ *they* | qatal · qal | עֲרֵלִים *\[men\]* | נִי *will pierce me through* | | | | הִתְעַלְּלוּ־ *they will deal wantonly* | qatal · hithpael | עֲרֵלִים *\[men\]* | | | | | **not** אָבָה *he was willing* | qatal · qal | נֹשֵׂא *the bearer* | | | | | נֹשֵׂא *the bearer* | participle active · qal | | כֵלָי *his armor(s)* | | | | יָרֵא *he was afraid* | qatal · qal | נֹשֵׂא *the bearer* | | | | | יִּקַּח *he took* | wayyiqtol · qal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* | חֶרֶב *sword* | | | | יִּפֹּל *he fell* | wayyiqtol · qal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר שָׁאוּל לְנָטֵל זְיָנֵיהּ שְׁלוֹף חַרְבָּךְ וְקַטְלַנִי בָהּ דִלְמָא יֵיתוּן עֲרֵלַיָא הָאִלֵין וְיִקְטְלוּנַנִי וְיִתְלַעֲבוּן בִּי וְלָא אָבָא נָטֵל זְיָנֵיהּ אֲרֵי דָחִיל לַחֲדָא וּנְסִיב שָׁאוּל יַת חַרְבָּא וּנְפַל עֲלָהּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Then said Saul to his armour-bearer: 'Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and make a mock of me.' But his armour-bearer would not; for he was sore afraid.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.884/) 2. [Therefore Saul took his sword, and fell upon it.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.885/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:1SA:801`. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 31:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.3/) - next →: [1 Samuel 31:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.5/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/31/)