--- title: 2 Kings 23:16 — And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were ther… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were there in the mount; and he sent, and took the bones out of the sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and defiled it, according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these things. Who acts: Josiah, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/) / [chapter 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/23/) / 23:16 # 2 Kings 23:16 מְלָכִים ב **Who acts:** Josiah, sepulchres, man, God · **What happens:** turn, spy, be, send, take, burn · **To what, where:** Josiah, sepulchres, mount, bones, altar, LORD This is 2 Kings 23:16 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Josiah, sepulchres, man, God — and what happens in the verse to Josiah, sepulchres, mount, bones, altar, LORD, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 25 chapters of 2 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּ֣פֶן יֹאשִׁיָּ֗הוּ וַיַּ֨רְא אֶת־הַקְּבָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם֙ בָּהָ֔ר וַיִּשְׁלַ֗ח וַיִּקַּ֤ח אֶת־הָֽעֲצָמוֹת֙ מִן־הַקְּבָרִ֔ים וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ וַֽיְטַמְּאֵ֑הוּ כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר קָרָא֙ אִ֣ישׁ הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָרָ֔א אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ [And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were there in the mount; and he sent, and took the bones out of the sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and defiled it, according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these things.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.713/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2KI:647 # text = וַיִּ֣פֶן יֹאשִׁיָּ֗הוּ וַיַּ֨רְא אֶת־הַקְּבָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם֙ בָּהָ֔ר וַיִּשְׁלַ֗ח וַיִּקַּ֤ח אֶת־הָֽעֲצָמוֹת֙ מִן־הַקְּבָרִ֔ים וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ וַֽיְטַמְּאֵ֑הוּ כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר קָרָא֙ אִ֣ישׁ הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָרָ֔א אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ # verse = 2KI.23.16 1-2 וַיִּ֣פֶן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:16!1|MId=o120230160011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּ֣פֶן פָּנָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.turned|Ref=2KI_23:16!1|MId=o120230160012|Strong=6437|Frame=A0:120230160021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יֹאשִׁיָּ֗הוּ יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Josiah|Ref=2KI_23:16!2|MId=o120230160021|Strong=2977a 4-5 וַיַּ֨רְא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:16!3|MId=o120230160031|Strong=2050b 5 יַּ֨רְא רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.saw|Ref=2KI_23:16!3|MId=o120230160032|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:120230160021;A1:120230160052;|Type=wayyiqtol 6 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2KI_23:16!4|MId=o120230160041|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 7-8 הַקְּבָרִ֤ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:16!5|MId=o120230160051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 8 קְּבָרִ֤ים קֶבֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 5 obj _ Gloss=graves|Ref=2KI_23:16!5|MId=o120230160052|Strong=6913 9 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 13 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=2KI_23:16!6|MId=o120230160061|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 10 שָׁם֙ שָׁם ADV _ _ 13 advmod _ Gloss=[were].there|Ref=2KI_23:16!7|MId=o120230160071|Strong=8033 11-13 בָּהָ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 בָּ בְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2KI_23:16!8|MId=o120230160081|Strong=0871a 12 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:16!8|MId=o120230160081ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 הָ֔ר הַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 acl:relcl _ Gloss=mountain|Ref=2KI_23:16!8|MId=o120230160082|Strong=2022 14-15 וַיִּשְׁלַ֗ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:16!9|MId=o120230160091|Strong=2050b 15 יִּשְׁלַ֗ח שָׁלַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.sent|Ref=2KI_23:16!9|MId=o120230160092|Strong=7971|Frame=A0:120230160021;|Type=wayyiqtol 16-17 וַיִּקַּ֤ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:16!10|MId=o120230160101|Strong=2050b 17 יִּקַּ֤ח לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.took|Ref=2KI_23:16!10|MId=o120230160102|Strong=3947|Frame=A0:120230160021;A1:120230160122;|Type=wayyiqtol 18 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2KI_23:16!11|MId=o120230160111|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 19-20 הָֽעֲצָמוֹת֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:16!12|MId=o120230160121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 עֲצָמוֹת֙ עֶצֶם NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 17 obj _ Gloss=bones|Ref=2KI_23:16!12|MId=o120230160122|Strong=6106 21 מִן־ מִן ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2KI_23:16!13|MId=o120230160131|Strong=4480|SpaceAfter=No 22-23 הַקְּבָרִ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 23 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:16!14|MId=o120230160141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 23 קְּבָרִ֔ים קֶבֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 17 obl _ Gloss=graves|Ref=2KI_23:16!14|MId=o120230160142|Strong=6913 24-25 וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:16!15|MId=o120230160151|Strong=2050b 25 יִּשְׂרֹ֥ף שָׂרַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.burned.[them]|Ref=2KI_23:16!15|MId=o120230160152|Strong=8313|Frame=A0:120230160021;A1:120230160122;|Type=wayyiqtol 26 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2KI_23:16!16|MId=o120230160161|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 27-28 הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:16!17|MId=o120230160171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 מִּזְבֵּ֖חַ מִזְבֵּחַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=altar|Ref=2KI_23:16!17|MId=o120230160172|Strong=4196 29-31 וַֽיְטַמְּאֵ֑הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:16!18|MId=o120230160181|Strong=2050b 30 יְטַמְּא טָמֵא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he|Ref=2KI_23:16!18|MId=o120230160182|Strong=2930|Frame=A0:120230160021;A1:120230160183;|Type=wayyiqtol 31 ֵ֑הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 obj _ Gloss=made.it.unclean|Ref=2KI_23:16!18|MId=o120230160183|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 32-33 כִּדְבַ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 כִּ כְּ ADP _ _ 33 case _ Gloss=according|Ref=2KI_23:16!19|MId=o120230160191|Strong=3509a 33 דְבַ֣ר דָּבָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obl _ Gloss=to.the.word|Ref=2KI_23:16!19|MId=o120230160192|Strong=1697 34 יְהוָ֗ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 33 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=2KI_23:16!20|MId=o120230160201|Strong=3068 35 אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 36 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=2KI_23:16!21|MId=o120230160211|Strong=0834|Type=relative 36 קָרָא֙ קָרָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 33 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.proclaimed|Ref=2KI_23:16!22|MId=o120230160221|Strong=7121|Frame=A0:120230160231;A1:120230160192;|Type=qatal 37 אִ֣ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ Gloss=the.man|Ref=2KI_23:16!23|MId=o120230160231|Strong=0376 38-39 הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 39 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=2KI_23:16!24|MId=o120230160241|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 39 אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 37 compound:smixut _ Gloss=God|Ref=2KI_23:16!24|MId=o120230160242|Strong=0430 40 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 41 mark _ Gloss=who|Ref=2KI_23:16!25|MId=o120230160251|Strong=0834|Type=relative 41 קָרָ֔א קָרָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 37 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.proclaimed|Ref=2KI_23:16!26|MId=o120230160261|Strong=7121|Frame=A0:120230160231;A1:120230160282;|Type=qatal 42 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 44 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2KI_23:16!27|MId=o120230160271|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 43-44 הַדְּבָרִ֖ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 44 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:16!28|MId=o120230160281|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 44 דְּבָרִ֖ים דָּבָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 41 obj _ Gloss=words|Ref=2KI_23:16!28|MId=o120230160282|Strong=1697 45-46 הָאֵֽלֶּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 46 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=2KI_23:16!29|MId=o120230160291|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 46 אֵֽלֶּה אֵלֶּה DET _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 44 det _ Gloss=these|Ref=2KI_23:16!29|MId=o120230160292|Strong=0428|Type=demonstrative 47 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 46 punct _ Ref=2KI_23:16!29 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּפֶן *he turned* | wayyiqtol · qal | יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ *Josiah* | | | | | יַּרְא *he saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ *Josiah* | קְּבָרִים *graves* | | | | יִּשְׁלַח *he sent* | wayyiqtol · qal | יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ *Josiah* | | | | | יִּקַּח *he took* | wayyiqtol · qal | יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ *Josiah* | עֲצָמוֹת *bones* | | | | יִּשְׂרֹף *he burned \[them\]* | wayyiqtol · qal | יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ *Josiah* | עֲצָמוֹת *bones* | | | | יְטַמְּא *he* | wayyiqtol · piel | יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ *Josiah* | ֵהוּ *made it unclean* | | | | קָרָא *he had proclaimed* | qatal · qal | אִישׁ *the man* | דְבַר *to the word* | | | | קָרָא *he proclaimed* | qatal · qal | אִישׁ *the man* | דְּבָרִים *words* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְאִתְפְּנֵי יֹאשִׁיָהוּ וַחֲזָא יַת קִבְרַיָא דְתַמָן בְּטוּרָא וּשְׁלַח וּנְסִיב יַת גַרְמַיָא מִן קִבְרַיָא וְאוֹקִיד עַל אֱגוֹרַיָא וְסַאֲבֵיהּ כְּפִתְגָמָא דַייָ דְמַלֵיל נְבִיָא דַייָ דְאִתְנַבֵּי יַת פִּתְגָמַיָא הָאִלֵין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were there in the mount; and he sent, and took the bones out of the sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and defiled it, according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these things.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.713/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2KI:647`. - ← previous: [2 Kings 23:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.15/) - next →: [2 Kings 23:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.17/) - ↑ back to [2 Kings 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/23/)