--- title: 2 Kings 23:8 — And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defil… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had made offerings, from Geba to Beer-sheba; and he broke down the high places of the gates that were at the entrance of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a man's left ha --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/) / [chapter 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/23/) / 23:8 # 2 Kings 23:8 מְלָכִים ב **Who acts:** king, priests, gates, gate · **What happens:** bring, defile, make, break down, be, enter · **To what, where:** priests, cities, high places, offerings, Geba, entrance This is 2 Kings 23:8 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — king, priests, gates, gate — and what happens in the verse to priests, cities, high places, offerings, Geba, entrance, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 25 chapters of 2 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיָּבֵ֤א אֶת־כָּל־הַכֹּֽהֲנִים֙ מֵעָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וַיְטַמֵּ֣א אֶת־הַבָּמ֗וֹת אֲשֶׁ֤ר קִטְּרוּ־שָׁ֙מָּה֙ הַכֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים מִגֶּ֖בַע עַד־בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע וְנָתַ֞ץ אֶת־בָּמ֣וֹת הַשְּׁעָרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁר־פֶּ֜תַח שַׁ֤עַר יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ שַׂר־הָעִ֔יר אֲשֶֽׁר־עַל־שְׂמֹ֥אול אִ֖ישׁ בְּשַׁ֥עַר הָעִֽיר׃ [And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had made offerings, from Geba to Beer-sheba; and he broke down the high places of the gates that were at the entrance of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a man's left hand as he entered the gate of the city.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.705/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2KI:639 # text = וַיָּבֵ֤א אֶת־כָּל־הַכֹּֽהֲנִים֙ מֵעָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וַיְטַמֵּ֣א אֶת־הַבָּמ֗וֹת אֲשֶׁ֤ר קִטְּרוּ־שָׁ֙מָּה֙ הַכֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים מִגֶּ֖בַע עַד־בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע וְנָתַ֞ץ אֶת־בָּמ֣וֹת הַשְּׁעָרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁר־פֶּ֜תַח שַׁ֤עַר יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ שַׂר־הָעִ֔יר אֲשֶֽׁר־עַל־שְׂמֹ֥אול אִ֖ישׁ בְּשַׁ֥עַר הָעִֽיר׃ # verse = 2KI.23.8 1-2 וַיָּבֵ֤א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:8!1|MId=o120230080011|Strong=2050b 2 יָּבֵ֤א בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.brought|Ref=2KI_23:8!1|MId=o120230080012|Strong=0935|Frame=AA:120230040022;A0:120230080042;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2KI_23:8!2|MId=o120230080021|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 4 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=2KI_23:8!3|MId=o120230080031|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 5-6 הַכֹּֽהֲנִים֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:8!4|MId=o120230080041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 כֹּֽהֲנִים֙ כֹּהֵן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=priests|Ref=2KI_23:8!4|MId=o120230080042|Strong=3548 7-8 מֵעָרֵ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2KI_23:8!5|MId=o120230080051|Strong=4480 8 עָרֵ֣י עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=the.cities|Ref=2KI_23:8!5|MId=o120230080052|Strong=5892 9 יְהוּדָ֔ה יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Judah|Ref=2KI_23:8!6|MId=o120230080061|Strong=3063 10-11 וַיְטַמֵּ֣א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:8!7|MId=o120230080071|Strong=2050b 11 יְטַמֵּ֣א טָמֵא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.made.unclean|Ref=2KI_23:8!7|MId=o120230080072|Strong=2930|Frame=A0:120230040022;A1:120230080092;|Type=wayyiqtol 12 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2KI_23:8!8|MId=o120230080081|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 13-14 הַבָּמ֗וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the.high|Ref=2KI_23:8!9|MId=o120230080091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 בָּמ֗וֹת בָּמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 11 obj _ Gloss=places|Ref=2KI_23:8!9|MId=o120230080092|Strong=1116 15 אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 16 mark _ Gloss=where|Ref=2KI_23:8!10|MId=o120230080101|Strong=0834|Type=relative 16 קִטְּרוּ־ קָטַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 14 acl:relcl _ Gloss=they.had.made.smoke|Ref=2KI_23:8!11|MId=o120230080111|Strong=6999|Frame=A0:120230080132;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 17-18 שָׁ֙מָּה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 שָׁ֙מּ שָׁם ADV _ _ 16 advmod _ Gloss=there|Ref=2KI_23:8!12|MId=o120230080121|Strong=8033 18 ָה֙ ה X _ _ 17 nmod _ Gloss=(to)|Ref=2KI_23:8!12|MId=o120230080122|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 19-20 הַכֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_23:8!13|MId=o120230080131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 כֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים כֹּהֵן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ Gloss=priests|Ref=2KI_23:8!13|MId=o120230080132|Strong=3548 21-22 מִגֶּ֖בַע _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2KI_23:8!14|MId=o120230080141|Strong=4480 22 גֶּ֖בַע גֶּבַע PROPN _ _ 16 obl _ Gloss=Geba|Ref=2KI_23:8!14|MId=o120230080142|Strong=1387 23 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2KI_23:8!15|MId=o120230080151|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 24 בְּאֵ֣ר בְּאֵר PROPN _ _ 22 conj _ Gloss=Beer|Ref=2KI_23:8!16|MId=o120230080161 25 שָׁ֑בַע _ PROPN _ _ 24 flat:name _ Ref=2KI_23:8!16 26 בְּאֵ֣ר שֶׁבַע PROPN _ _ 24 nmod _ Gloss=Sheba|Ref=2KI_23:8!17|MId=o120230080171 27 שָׁ֑בַע _ PROPN _ _ 26 flat:name _ Ref=2KI_23:8!17 28-29 וְנָתַ֞ץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 29 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_23:8!18|MId=o120230080181|Strong=2050b 29 נָתַ֞ץ נָתַץ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.broke.down|Ref=2KI_23:8!18|MId=o120230080182|Strong=5422|Frame=A0:120230040022;A1:120230080191;|Type=qatal 30 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 31 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2KI_23:8!19|MId=o120230080191|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 31 בָּמ֣וֹת בָּמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 29 obj _ Gloss=the.high.places|Ref=2KI_23:8!20|MId=o120230080201|Strong=1116 32-33 הַשְּׁעָרִ֗ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2KI_23:8!21|MId=o120230080211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 שְּׁעָרִ֗ים שַׁעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.gates|Ref=2KI_23:8!21|MId=o120230080212|Strong=8179 34 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 35 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=2KI_23:8!22|MId=o120230080221|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 35 פֶּ֜תַח פֶּתַח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 acl:relcl _ Gloss=[were.at].the.entrance|Ref=2KI_23:8!23|MId=o120230080231|Strong=6607 36 שַׁ֤עַר שַׁעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 35 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.gate|Ref=2KI_23:8!24|MId=o120230080241|Strong=8179 37 יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 36 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Joshua|Ref=2KI_23:8!25|MId=o120230080251|Strong=3091 38 שַׂר־ שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 37 appos _ Gloss=the.governor|Ref=2KI_23:8!26|MId=o120230080261|Strong=8269|SpaceAfter=No 39-40 הָעִ֔יר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 40 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2KI_23:8!27|MId=o120230080271|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 40 עִ֔יר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 38 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.city|Ref=2KI_23:8!27|MId=o120230080272|Strong=5892 41 אֲשֶֽׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 43 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=2KI_23:8!28|MId=o120230080281|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 42 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 43 case _ Gloss=[was].at|Ref=2KI_23:8!29|MId=o120230080291|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 43 שְׂמֹ֥אול שְׂמֹאל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 acl:relcl _ Gloss=[the].left.side|Ref=2KI_23:8!30|MId=o120230080301|Strong=8040 44 אִ֖ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 43 obl _ Gloss=of.anyone|Ref=2KI_23:8!31|MId=o120230080311|Strong=0376 45-46 בְּשַׁ֥עַר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 46 case _ Gloss=at|Ref=2KI_23:8!32|MId=o120230080321|Strong=0871a 46 שַׁ֥עַר שַׁעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 43 obl _ Gloss=the.gate|Ref=2KI_23:8!32|MId=o120230080322|Strong=8179 47-48 הָעִֽיר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 48 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2KI_23:8!33|MId=o120230080331|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 48 עִֽיר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 46 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.city|Ref=2KI_23:8!33|MId=o120230080332|Strong=5892 49 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 48 punct _ Ref=2KI_23:8!33 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יָּבֵא *he brought* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | כֹּֽהֲנִים *priests* | | | | | יְטַמֵּא *he made unclean* | wayyiqtol · piel | | בָּמוֹת *places* | | | | קִטְּרוּ־ *they had made smoke* | qatal · piel | כֹּהֲנִים *priests* | | | | | נָתַץ *he broke down* | qatal · qal | | אֶת־ *(et)* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְאַיְתֵי יַת כָּל כּוּמְרַיָא מִקִירְוַיָא דְבֵית יְהוּדָה וְסָאֵיב יַת בָּמָתָא דְאַסִיקוּ בוּסְמִין תַּמָן כּוּמְרַיָא מִגֶבַע עַד בְּאֵר שָׁבַע וְתָרַע יַת בָּמַת תַּרְעַיָא דִי קֳדָם תְּרַע יְהוֹשֻׁעַ רַב קַרְתָּא דִי עַל שְׂמָאלָא גַבְרָא בְּמֵיעֲלֵיהּ תְּרַע קַרְתָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had made offerings, from Geba to Beer-sheba; and he broke down the high places of the gates that were at the entrance of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a man's left hand as he entered the gate of the city.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.705/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2KI:639`. - ← previous: [2 Kings 23:7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.7/) - next →: [2 Kings 23:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.9/) - ↑ back to [2 Kings 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/23/)