--- title: 2 Kings 3:25 — And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they cast every man his stone, and filled it; and they stopped all the fountains of water, and felled all the good trees; until there was left only Kir-hareseth with the stones of the wall thereof; so the slingers encompassed it, and smo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.3.25/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/) / [chapter 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/3/) / 3:25 # 2 Kings 3:25 מְלָכִים ב **Who acts:** Moabites, slingers · **What happens:** beat down, cast, fill, stop, fell, leave · **To what, where:** cities, man, good piece, land, fountains, good trees This is 2 Kings 3:25 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Moabites, slingers — and what happens in the verse to cities, man, good piece, land, fountains, good trees, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 25 chapters of 2 Kings on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְהֶעָרִ֣ים יַהֲרֹ֡סוּ וְכָל־חֶלְקָ֣ה ט֠וֹבָה יַשְׁלִ֨יכוּ אִישׁ־אַבְנ֜וֹ וּמִלְא֗וּהָ וְכָל־מַעְיַן־מַ֤יִם יִסְתֹּ֙מוּ֙ וְכָל־עֵֽץ־ט֣וֹב יַפִּ֔ילוּ עַד־הִשְׁאִ֧יר אֲבָנֶ֛יהָ בַּקִּ֖יר חֲרָ֑שֶׂת קִּ֖יר חֲרָ֑שֶׂת וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ הַקַּלָּעִ֖ים וַיַּכּֽוּהָ׃ [And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they cast every man his stone, and filled it; and they stopped all the fountains of water, and felled all the good trees; until there was left only Kir-hareseth with the stones of the wall thereof; so the slingers encompassed it, and smote it.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.74/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2KI:67 # text = וְהֶעָרִ֣ים יַהֲרֹ֡סוּ וְכָל־חֶלְקָ֣ה ט֠וֹבָה יַשְׁלִ֨יכוּ אִישׁ־אַבְנ֜וֹ וּמִלְא֗וּהָ וְכָל־מַעְיַן־מַ֤יִם יִסְתֹּ֙מוּ֙ וְכָל־עֵֽץ־ט֣וֹב יַפִּ֔ילוּ עַד־הִשְׁאִ֧יר אֲבָנֶ֛יהָ בַּקִּ֖יר חֲרָ֑שֶׂת קִּ֖יר חֲרָ֑שֶׂת וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ הַקַּלָּעִ֖ים וַיַּכּֽוּהָ׃ # verse = 2KI.3.25 1-3 וְהֶעָרִ֣ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_3:25!1|MId=o120030250011|Strong=2050b 2 הֶ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 3 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_3:25!1|MId=o120030250012|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 3 עָרִ֣ים עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 4 obj _ Gloss=cities|Ref=2KI_3:25!1|MId=o120030250013|Strong=5892 4 יַהֲרֹ֡סוּ הָרַס VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.tore.down|Ref=2KI_3:25!2|MId=o120030250021|Strong=2040|Frame=A0:120030240061;A1:120030250013;|Type=yiqtol 5-6 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_3:25!3|MId=o120030250031|Strong=2050b 6 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 obl _ Gloss=every|Ref=2KI_3:25!3|MId=o120030250032|Strong=3605 7 חֶלְקָ֣ה חֶלְקָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=portion.of.land|Ref=2KI_3:25!4|MId=o120030250041|Strong=2513 8 ט֠וֹבָה טוֹב ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 amod _ Gloss=good|Ref=2KI_3:25!5|MId=o120030250051|Strong=2896|Type=adjective 9 יַשְׁלִ֨יכוּ שָׁלַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=they.threw|Ref=2KI_3:25!6|MId=o120030250061|Strong=7993|Frame=AA:120030240061;A0:120030250081;|Type=yiqtol 10 אִישׁ־ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 obl _ Gloss=each|Ref=2KI_3:25!7|MId=o120030250071|Strong=0376|SpaceAfter=No 11-12 אַבְנ֜וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 אַבְנ אֶבֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 obj _ Gloss=stone|Ref=2KI_3:25!8|MId=o120030250081|Strong=0068 12 ֜וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=2KI_3:25!8|MId=o120030250082|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 13-15 וּמִלְא֗וּהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 14 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_3:25!9|MId=o120030250091|Strong=2050b 14 מִלְא֗וּ מָלֵא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 9 conj _ Gloss=they|Ref=2KI_3:25!9|MId=o120030250092|Strong=4390|Frame=A0:120030240061;A1:120030250093;|Type=weqatal 15 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 obj _ Gloss=filled.it|Ref=2KI_3:25!9|MId=o120030250093|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 16-17 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_3:25!10|MId=o120030250101|Strong=2050b 17 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 obj _ Gloss=every|Ref=2KI_3:25!10|MId=o120030250102|Strong=3605 18 מַעְיַן־ מַעְיָן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=spring|Ref=2KI_3:25!11|MId=o120030250111|Strong=4599|SpaceAfter=No 19 מַ֤יִם מַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.water|Ref=2KI_3:25!12|MId=o120030250121|Strong=4325 20 יִסְתֹּ֙מוּ֙ סָתַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=they.stopped.up|Ref=2KI_3:25!13|MId=o120030250131|Strong=5640|Frame=A0:120030240061;A1:120030250111;|Type=yiqtol 21-22 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_3:25!14|MId=o120030250141|Strong=2050b 22 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obj _ Gloss=every|Ref=2KI_3:25!14|MId=o120030250142|Strong=3605 23 עֵֽץ־ עֵץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=tree|Ref=2KI_3:25!15|MId=o120030250151|Strong=6086|SpaceAfter=No 24 ט֣וֹב טוֹב ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 amod _ Gloss=good|Ref=2KI_3:25!16|MId=o120030250161|Strong=2896|Type=adjective 25 יַפִּ֔ילוּ נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 20 conj _ Gloss=they.made.fall|Ref=2KI_3:25!17|MId=o120030250171|Strong=5307|Frame=AA:120030240061;A0:120030250151;|Type=yiqtol 26 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=2KI_3:25!18|MId=o120030250181|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 27 הִשְׁאִ֧יר שָׁאַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 20 parataxis _ Gloss=he.left.behind|Ref=2KI_3:25!19|MId=o120030250191|Strong=7604|Frame=AA:120030240061;A0:120030250201;|Type=qatal 28-29 אֲבָנֶ֛יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 אֲבָנֶ֛י אֶבֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 27 obj _ Gloss=stones|Ref=2KI_3:25!20|MId=o120030250201|Strong=0068 29 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 28 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=2KI_3:25!20|MId=o120030250202|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 30-32 בַּקִּ֖יר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=2KI_3:25!21|MId=o120030250211|Strong=0871a 31 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 32 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=2KI_3:25!21|MId=o120030250211ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 32 קִּ֖יר קִיר PROPN _ _ 27 obl _ Gloss=Kir|Ref=2KI_3:25!21|MId=o120030250212 33 חֲרָ֑שֶׂת חֲרָשֶׂת PROPN _ _ 32 flat:name _ Ref=2KI_3:25!21 34 קִּ֖יר קִיר PROPN _ _ 32 nmod _ Gloss=Hareseth|Ref=2KI_3:25!22|MId=o120030250221 35 חֲרָ֑שֶׂת חֶרֶשׂ PROPN _ _ 34 flat:name _ Ref=2KI_3:25!22 36-37 וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 37 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_3:25!23|MId=o120030250231|Strong=2050b 37 יָּסֹ֥בּוּ סָבַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=they.surrounded.[it]|Ref=2KI_3:25!23|MId=o120030250232|Strong=5437|Frame=A0:120030250232;A1:120030250213;|Type=wayyiqtol 38-39 הַקַּלָּעִ֖ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 39 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2KI_3:25!24|MId=o120030250241|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 39 קַּלָּעִ֖ים קַלָּע NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 37 nsubj _ Gloss=slingers|Ref=2KI_3:25!24|MId=o120030250242|Strong=7051 40-42 וַיַּכּֽוּהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 41 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2KI_3:25!25|MId=o120030250251|Strong=2050b 41 יַּכּֽוּ נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=they|Ref=2KI_3:25!25|MId=o120030250252|Strong=5221|Frame=AA:120030250232;A0:120030250243;|Type=wayyiqtol 42 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 41 obj _ Gloss=attacked.it|Ref=2KI_3:25!25|MId=o120030250253|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 43 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 42 punct _ Ref=2KI_3:25!25 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַהֲרֹסוּ *they tore down* | yiqtol · qal | | עָרִים *cities* | | | | יַשְׁלִיכוּ *they threw* | yiqtol · hiphil | אַבְנ *stone* | | | | | מִלְאוּ *they* | weqatal · piel | | הָ *filled it* | | | | יִסְתֹּמוּ *they stopped up* | yiqtol · qal | | מַעְיַן־ *spring* | | | | יַפִּילוּ *they made fall* | yiqtol · hiphil | עֵֽץ־ *tree* | | | | | הִשְׁאִיר *he left behind* | qatal · hiphil | אֲבָנֶי *stones* | | | | | יָּסֹבּוּ *they surrounded \[it\]* | wayyiqtol · qal | יָּסֹבּוּ *they surrounded \[it\]* | | | | | יַּכּֽוּ *they* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | | | | יָּסֹבּוּ *they surrounded \[it\]* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְקִרְוַיָא פַּגָרוּ וְכָל אַחֲסַנְתָּא שַׁפִּירָא רְמוֹ גְבַר אַבְנֵיהּ וּמַלְאוּהָא וְכָל מַבּוּעֵי מַיָא סְתָמוּ וְכָל אִילָן דְיָאֵי עֲקָרוּ עַד דְלָא אִשְׁתַּאֲרַת אַבְנָא בְּקַרְתָּא דְלָא פַּגְרוּהָא וְאִסְתַּחֲרוּ קְלָעַיָא וּמְחוּהָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they cast every man his stone, and filled it; and they stopped all the fountains of water, and felled all the good trees; until there was left only Kir-hareseth with the stones of the wall thereof; so the slingers encompassed it, and smote it.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.74/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2KI:67`. - ← previous: [2 Kings 3:24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.3.24/) - next →: [2 Kings 3:26](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.3.26/) - ↑ back to [2 Kings 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/3/)