--- title: 2 Samuel 1:12 — And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword. Who acts: clothes, sword. 2 Samuel 1:12 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the prag --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/1/) / 1:12 # 2 Samuel 1:12 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** clothes, sword · **What happens:** wail, weep, fast, fall · **To what, where:** clothes This is 2 Samuel 1:12 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — clothes, sword — and what happens in the verse to clothes, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַֽיִּסְפְּדוּ֙ וַיִּבְכּ֔וּ וַיָּצֻ֖מוּ עַד־הָעָ֑רֶב עַל־שָׁא֞וּל וְעַל־יְהוֹנָתָ֣ן בְּנ֗וֹ וְעַל־עַ֤ם יְהוָה֙ וְעַל־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י נָפְל֖וּ בֶּחָֽרֶב׃ס [And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.14/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:11 # text = וַֽיִּסְפְּדוּ֙ וַיִּבְכּ֔וּ וַיָּצֻ֖מוּ עַד־הָעָ֑רֶב עַל־שָׁא֞וּל וְעַל־יְהוֹנָתָ֣ן בְּנ֗וֹ וְעַל־עַ֤ם יְהוָה֙ וְעַל־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י נָפְל֖וּ בֶּחָֽרֶב׃ס # verse = 2SA.1.12 1-2 וַֽיִּסְפְּדוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:12!1|MId=o100010120011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּסְפְּדוּ֙ סָפַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.mourned|Ref=2SA_1:12!1|MId=o100010120012|Strong=5594|Frame=A0:100010110021;100010110082;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 וַיִּבְכּ֔וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:12!2|MId=o100010120021|Strong=2050b 4 יִּבְכּ֔וּ בָּכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.wept|Ref=2SA_1:12!2|MId=o100010120022|Strong=1058|Frame=A0:100010110021;100010110082;|Type=wayyiqtol 5-6 וַיָּצֻ֖מוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:12!3|MId=o100010120031|Strong=2050b 6 יָּצֻ֖מוּ צוּם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.fasted|Ref=2SA_1:12!3|MId=o100010120032|Strong=6684|Frame=A0:100010110021;100010110082;|Type=wayyiqtol 7 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=2SA_1:12!4|MId=o100010120041|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 8-9 הָעָ֑רֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_1:12!5|MId=o100010120051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 עָ֑רֶב עֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=evening|Ref=2SA_1:12!5|MId=o100010120052|Strong=6153 10 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_1:12!6|MId=o100010120061|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 11 שָׁא֞וּל שָׁאוּל PROPN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=Saul|Ref=2SA_1:12!7|MId=o100010120071|Strong=7586 12-13 וְעַל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 14 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:12!8|MId=o100010120081|Strong=2050b 13 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_1:12!8|MId=o100010120082|Strong=5921 14 יְהוֹנָתָ֣ן יְהוֹנָתָן PROPN _ _ 11 conj _ Gloss=Jonathan|Ref=2SA_1:12!9|MId=o100010120091|Strong=3083 15-16 בְּנ֗וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 בְּנ בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 14 appos _ Gloss=son|Ref=2SA_1:12!10|MId=o100010120101|Strong=1121 16 ֗וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=2SA_1:12!10|MId=o100010120102|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 17-18 וְעַל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:12!11|MId=o100010120111|Strong=2050b 18 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_1:12!11|MId=o100010120112|Strong=5921 19 עַ֤ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 conj _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=2SA_1:12!12|MId=o100010120121|Strong=5971 20 יְהוָה֙ יהוה PROPN _ _ 19 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=2SA_1:12!13|MId=o100010120131|Strong=3068 21-22 וְעַל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:12!14|MId=o100010120141|Strong=2050b 22 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_1:12!14|MId=o100010120142|Strong=5921 23 בֵּ֣ית בַּיִת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 conj _ Gloss=the.house|Ref=2SA_1:12!15|MId=o100010120151|Strong=1004 24 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 23 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=2SA_1:12!16|MId=o100010120161|Strong=3478 25 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 26 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=2SA_1:12!17|MId=o100010120171|Strong=3588 26 נָפְל֖וּ נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 advcl _ Gloss=they.had.fallen|Ref=2SA_1:12!18|MId=o100010120181|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:100010120071;100010120091;100010120121;100010120151;|Type=qatal 27-29 בֶּחָֽרֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 בֶּ בְּ ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=2SA_1:12!19|MId=o100010120191|Strong=0871a 28 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 29 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_1:12!19|MId=o100010120191ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 29 חָֽרֶב חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 26 obl _ Gloss=sword|Ref=2SA_1:12!19|MId=o100010120192|Strong=2719 30 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 29 punct _ Ref=2SA_1:12!19|SpaceAfter=No 31 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 29 punct _ Ref=2SA_1:12!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּסְפְּדוּ *they mourned* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | יִּבְכּוּ *they wept* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | יָּצֻמוּ *they fasted* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | נָפְלוּ *they had fallen* | qatal · qal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* + יְהוֹנָתָן *Jonathan* + עַם *the people* + בֵּית *the house* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּסְפָדוּ וּבְכוֹ וְצָמוּ עַד רַמְשָׁא עַל שָׁאוּל וְעַל יְהוֹנָתָן בְּרֵיהּ וְעַל עַמָא דַייָ וְעַל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲרֵי אִתְקְטָלוּ בְּחַרְבָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.14/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:11`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 1:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.11/) - next →: [2 Samuel 1:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.13/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/1/)