--- title: 2 Samuel 1:4 — And David said unto him: 'How went the matter? I pray thee, tell me.… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And David said unto him: 'How went the matter? I pray thee, tell me.' And he answered: 'The people are fled from the battle, and many of the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are dead also.' Who acts: David, matter, I, Saul. 2 Samuel 1:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tre --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/1/) / 1:4 # 2 Samuel 1:4 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** David, matter, I, Saul · **What happens:** say, go, pray, tell, answer, flee · **To what, where:** thee, me, people, battle, many · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 2 Samuel 1:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — David, matter, I, Saul — and what happens in the verse to thee, me, people, battle, many, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֵלָ֥יו דָּוִ֛ד מֶה־הָיָ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר הַגֶּד־נָ֣א לִ֑י וַ֠יֹּאמֶר אֲשֶׁר־נָ֨ס הָעָ֜ם מִן־הַמִּלְחָמָ֗ה וְגַם־הַרְבֵּ֞ה נָפַ֤ל מִן־הָעָם֙ וַיָּמֻ֔תוּ וְגַ֗ם שָׁא֛וּל וִיהוֹנָתָ֥ן בְּנ֖וֹ מֵֽתוּ׃ [And David said unto him: 'How went the matter?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.3/) [I pray thee, tell me.' And he answered: 'The people are fled from the battle, and many of the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are dead also.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.4/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:3 # text = וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֵלָ֥יו דָּוִ֛ד מֶה־הָיָ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר הַגֶּד־נָ֣א לִ֑י וַ֠יֹּאמֶר אֲשֶׁר־נָ֨ס הָעָ֜ם מִן־הַמִּלְחָמָ֗ה וְגַם־הַרְבֵּ֞ה נָפַ֤ל מִן־הָעָם֙ וַיָּמֻ֔תוּ וְגַ֗ם שָׁא֛וּל וִיהוֹנָתָ֥ן בְּנ֖וֹ מֵֽתוּ׃ # verse = 2SA.1.4 1-2 וַיֹּ֨אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:4!1|MId=o100010040011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֨אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=2SA_1:4!1|MId=o100010040012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:100010040031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 אֵלָ֥יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 אֵלָ֥י אֶל ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_1:4!2|MId=o100010040021|Strong=0413 4 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=2SA_1:4!2|MId=o100010040022|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 5 דָּוִ֛ד דָּוִד PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=David|Ref=2SA_1:4!3|MId=o100010040031|Strong=1732 6 מֶה־ מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 2 ccomp _ Gloss=what?|Ref=2SA_1:4!4|MId=o100010040041|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative|SpaceAfter=No 7 הָיָ֥ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 6 cop _ Gloss=was.it|Ref=2SA_1:4!5|MId=o100010040051|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:100010040062;|Type=qatal 8-9 הַדָּבָ֖ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_1:4!6|MId=o100010040061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 דָּבָ֖ר דָּבָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ Gloss=word|Ref=2SA_1:4!6|MId=o100010040062|Strong=1697 10 הַגֶּד־ נָגַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=2 6 parataxis _ Gloss=tell|Ref=2SA_1:4!7|MId=o100010040071|Strong=5046|Frame=A0:100010020051;|Type=imperative|SpaceAfter=No 11 נָ֣א נָא INTJ _ _ 10 discourse _ Gloss=please|Ref=2SA_1:4!8|MId=o100010040081|Strong=4994|Type=exhortation 12-13 לִ֑י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 ל לְ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_1:4!9|MId=o100010040091|Strong=3807a 13 ִ֑י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 10 obl _ Gloss=me|Ref=2SA_1:4!9|MId=o100010040092|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 14-15 וַ֠יֹּאמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וַ֠ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:4!10|MId=o100010040101|Strong=2050b 15 יֹּאמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=2SA_1:4!10|MId=o100010040102|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:100010020051;A1:100010040121;100010040181;100010040212;100010040261;|Type=wayyiqtol 16 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 17 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=2SA_1:4!11|MId=o100010040111|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 17 נָ֨ס נוּס VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 15 acl:relcl _ Gloss=it.has.fled|Ref=2SA_1:4!12|MId=o100010040121|Strong=5127|Frame=A0:100010040132;|Type=qatal 18-19 הָעָ֜ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_1:4!13|MId=o100010040131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 עָ֜ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ Gloss=people|Ref=2SA_1:4!13|MId=o100010040132|Strong=5971 20 מִן־ מִן ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2SA_1:4!14|MId=o100010040141|Strong=4480|SpaceAfter=No 21-22 הַמִּלְחָמָ֗ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_1:4!15|MId=o100010040151|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 מִּלְחָמָ֗ה מִלְחָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 obl _ Gloss=battle|Ref=2SA_1:4!15|MId=o100010040152|Strong=4421 23-24 וְגַם־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 26 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:4!16|MId=o100010040161|Strong=2050b 24 גַם־ גַּם ADV _ _ 26 advmod _ Gloss=also|Ref=2SA_1:4!16|MId=o100010040162|Strong=1571|Type=affirmation 25 הַרְבֵּ֞ה רָבָה ADV _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 26 nsubj _ Gloss=many|Ref=2SA_1:4!17|MId=o100010040171|Strong=7235b|Type=infinitive_absolute 26 נָפַ֤ל נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 17 conj _ Gloss=it.has.fallen|Ref=2SA_1:4!18|MId=o100010040181|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:100010040171;|Type=qatal 27 מִן־ מִן ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=of|Ref=2SA_1:4!19|MId=o100010040191|Strong=4480|SpaceAfter=No 28-29 הָעָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 29 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_1:4!20|MId=o100010040201|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 29 עָם֙ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 26 obl _ Gloss=people|Ref=2SA_1:4!20|MId=o100010040202|Strong=5971 30-31 וַיָּמֻ֔תוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 31 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:4!21|MId=o100010040211|Strong=2050b 31 יָּמֻ֔תוּ מוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 26 conj _ Gloss=they.have.died|Ref=2SA_1:4!21|MId=o100010040212|Strong=4191|Frame=A0:100010040171;|Type=wayyiqtol 32-33 וְגַ֗ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 39 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:4!22|MId=o100010040221|Strong=2050b 33 גַ֗ם גַּם ADV _ _ 39 advmod _ Gloss=also|Ref=2SA_1:4!22|MId=o100010040222|Strong=1571|Type=affirmation 34 שָׁא֛וּל שָׁאוּל PROPN _ _ 39 nsubj _ Gloss=Saul|Ref=2SA_1:4!23|MId=o100010040231|Strong=7586 35-36 וִיהוֹנָתָ֥ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 וִ וְ CCONJ _ _ 36 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_1:4!24|MId=o100010040241|Strong=2050b 36 יהוֹנָתָ֥ן יְהוֹנָתָן PROPN _ _ 34 conj _ Gloss=Jonathan|Ref=2SA_1:4!24|MId=o100010040242|Strong=3083 37-38 בְּנ֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 בְּנ בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 36 appos _ Gloss=son|Ref=2SA_1:4!25|MId=o100010040251|Strong=1121 38 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 37 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=2SA_1:4!25|MId=o100010040252|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 39 מֵֽתוּ מוּת VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 17 conj _ Gloss=they.have.died|Ref=2SA_1:4!26|MId=o100010040261|Strong=4191|Frame=A0:100010040231;100010040242;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 40 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 39 punct _ Ref=2SA_1:4!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | דָּוִד *David* | | | | | הָיָה *was it* | qatal · qal | דָּבָר *word* | | | | | הַגֶּד־ *tell* | imperative · hiphil | | | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | נָס *it has fled* + נָפַל *it has fallen* + יָּמֻתוּ *they have died* + מֵֽתוּ *they have died* | | | | נָס *it has fled* | qatal · qal | עָם *people* | | | | | נָפַל *it has fallen* | qatal · qal | הַרְבֵּה *many* | | | | | יָּמֻתוּ *they have died* | wayyiqtol · qal | הַרְבֵּה *many* | | | | | מֵֽתוּ *they have died* | qatal · qal | שָׁאוּל *Saul* + יהוֹנָתָן *Jonathan* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ דָוִד מֶה הֲוָה פִתְגָמָא חַוִי כְעַן לִי וַאֲמַר דְאַפִּיךְ עַמָא מִן קְרָבָא וְאַף סַגִי נְפַל מִן עַמָא וְאִתְקְטָלוּ וְאַף שָׁאוּל וִיהוֹנָתָן בְּרֵיהּ מִיתוּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And David said unto him: 'How went the matter?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.3/) 2. [I pray thee, tell me.' And he answered: 'The people are fled from the battle, and many of the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are dead also.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.4/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:3`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 1:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.3/) - next →: [2 Samuel 1:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.5/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/1/)