--- title: 2 Samuel 18:17 — And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest, and raised over him a very great heap of stones; and all Israel fled every one to his tent. — Who acts: people, Israel. 2 Samuel 18:17 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every claus --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.17/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/18/) / 18:17 # 2 Samuel 18:17 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** people, Israel · **What happens:** take, cast, raise, flee · **To what, where:** Absalom, great pit, great heap, one, tent This is 2 Samuel 18:17 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — people, Israel — and what happens in the verse to Absalom, great pit, great heap, one, tent, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּקְח֣וּ אֶת־אַבְשָׁל֗וֹם וַיַּשְׁלִ֨יכוּ אֹת֤וֹ בַיַּ֙עַר֙ אֶל־הַפַּ֣חַת הַגָּד֔וֹל וַיַּצִּ֧בוּ עָלָ֛יו גַּל־אֲבָנִ֖ים גָּד֣וֹל מְאֹ֑ד וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נָ֖סוּ אִ֥ישׁ לְאֹהָלָֽיו׃ס [And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest, and raised over him a very great heap of stones; and all Israel fled every one to his tent. —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.529/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:472 # text = וַיִּקְח֣וּ אֶת־אַבְשָׁל֗וֹם וַיַּשְׁלִ֨יכוּ אֹת֤וֹ בַיַּ֙עַר֙ אֶל־הַפַּ֣חַת הַגָּד֔וֹל וַיַּצִּ֧בוּ עָלָ֛יו גַּל־אֲבָנִ֖ים גָּד֣וֹל מְאֹ֑ד וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נָ֖סוּ אִ֥ישׁ לְאֹהָלָֽיו׃ס # verse = 2SA.18.17 1-2 וַיִּקְח֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_18:17!1|MId=o100180170011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּקְח֣וּ לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.took|Ref=2SA_18:17!1|MId=o100180170012|Strong=3947|Frame=A0:100180150031;A1:100180170031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2SA_18:17!2|MId=o100180170021|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 4 אַבְשָׁל֗וֹם אַבְשָׁלֹום PROPN _ _ 2 obj _ Gloss=Absalom|Ref=2SA_18:17!3|MId=o100180170031|Strong=0053 5-6 וַיַּשְׁלִ֨יכוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_18:17!4|MId=o100180170041|Strong=2050b 6 יַּשְׁלִ֨יכוּ שָׁלַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.threw|Ref=2SA_18:17!4|MId=o100180170042|Strong=7993|Frame=AA:100180150031;A0:100180170052;|Type=wayyiqtol 7-8 אֹת֤וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 אֹת אֵת ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=|Ref=2SA_18:17!5|MId=o100180170051|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 8 ֤וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 obj _ Gloss=him|Ref=2SA_18:17!5|MId=o100180170052|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 9-11 בַיַּ֙עַר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 בַ בְּ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=2SA_18:17!6|MId=o100180170061|Strong=0871a 10 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 11 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_18:17!6|MId=o100180170061ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 11 יַּ֙עַר֙ יַעַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obl _ Gloss=forest|Ref=2SA_18:17!6|MId=o100180170062|Strong=3293 12 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=into|Ref=2SA_18:17!7|MId=o100180170071|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 13-14 הַפַּ֣חַת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_18:17!8|MId=o100180170081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 פַּ֣חַת פַּחַת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obl _ Gloss=pit|Ref=2SA_18:17!8|MId=o100180170082|Strong=6354 15-16 הַגָּד֔וֹל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 16 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=2SA_18:17!9|MId=o100180170091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 16 גָּד֔וֹל גָּדוֹל ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 14 amod _ Gloss=great|Ref=2SA_18:17!9|MId=o100180170092|Strong=1419|Type=adjective 17-18 וַיַּצִּ֧בוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_18:17!10|MId=o100180170101|Strong=2050b 18 יַּצִּ֧בוּ נָצַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.set.up|Ref=2SA_18:17!10|MId=o100180170102|Strong=5324|Frame=AA:100180150031;A0:100180170121;|Type=wayyiqtol 19-20 עָלָ֛יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 עָלָ֛י עַל ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=2SA_18:17!11|MId=o100180170111|Strong=5921 20 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=2SA_18:17!11|MId=o100180170112|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 21 גַּל־ גַּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 obj _ Gloss=a.heap|Ref=2SA_18:17!12|MId=o100180170121|Strong=1530|SpaceAfter=No 22 אֲבָנִ֖ים אֶבֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 21 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.stones|Ref=2SA_18:17!13|MId=o100180170131|Strong=0068 23 גָּד֣וֹל גָּדוֹל ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 amod _ Gloss=great|Ref=2SA_18:17!14|MId=o100180170141|Strong=1419|Type=adjective 24 מְאֹ֑ד מְאֹד ADV _ _ 23 advmod _ Gloss=very|Ref=2SA_18:17!15|MId=o100180170151|Strong=3966 25-26 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 28 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_18:17!16|MId=o100180170161|Strong=2050b 26 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=2SA_18:17!16|MId=o100180170162|Strong=3605 27 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=2SA_18:17!17|MId=o100180170171|Strong=3478 28 נָ֖סוּ נוּס VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.fled|Ref=2SA_18:17!18|MId=o100180170181|Strong=5127|Frame=A0:100180170171;|Type=qatal 29 אִ֥ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 obl _ Gloss=each|Ref=2SA_18:17!19|MId=o100180170191|Strong=0376 30-32 לְאֹהָלָֽיו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 31 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_18:17!21|MId=o100180170211|Strong=3807a 31 אֹהָלָֽי אֹהֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 obl _ Gloss=tents|Ref=2SA_18:17!21|MId=o100180170212|Strong=0168 32 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=2SA_18:17!21|MId=o100180170213|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 33 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 32 punct _ Ref=2SA_18:17!21|SpaceAfter=No 34 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 32 punct _ Ref=2SA_18:17!21 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּקְחוּ *they took* | wayyiqtol · qal | | אַבְשָׁלוֹם *Absalom* | | | | יַּשְׁלִיכוּ *they threw* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | וֹ *him* | | | | | יַּצִּבוּ *they set up* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | גַּל־ *a heap* | | | | | נָסוּ *they fled* | qatal · qal | יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּנְסִיבוּ יַת אַבְשָׁלוֹם וּרְמוֹ יָתֵיהּ בְּחוּרְשָׁא לְגוֹ קוּמְצָא רַבָּה וַאֲקִימוּ עֲלוֹהִי דְגוֹר אַבְנִין רַב לַחֲדָא וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל אַפָּכוּ גְבַר לִקְרְווֹהִי: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest, and raised over him a very great heap of stones; and all Israel fled every one to his tent. —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.529/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:472`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 18:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.16/) - next →: [2 Samuel 18:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.18/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/18/)