--- title: 2 Samuel 18:31 — And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my lord the king; for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee.' Who acts: Cushite, LORD. 2 Samuel 18:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/18/) / 18:31 # 2 Samuel 18:31 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** Cushite, LORD · **What happens:** come, say, avenge, rise up · **To what, where:** thee · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 2 Samuel 18:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Cushite, LORD — and what happens in the verse to thee, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְהִנֵּ֥ה הַכּוּשִׁ֖י בָּ֑א וַיֹּ֣אמֶר הַכּוּשִׁ֗י יִתְבַּשֵּׂר֙ אֲדֹנִ֣י הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ כִּֽי־שְׁפָטְךָ֤ יְהוָה֙ הַיּ֔וֹם מִיַּ֖ד כָּל־הַקָּמִ֥ים עָלֶֽיךָ׃ס [And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my lord the king; for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.544/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:486 # text = וְהִנֵּ֥ה הַכּוּשִׁ֖י בָּ֑א וַיֹּ֣אמֶר הַכּוּשִׁ֗י יִתְבַּשֵּׂר֙ אֲדֹנִ֣י הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ כִּֽי־שְׁפָטְךָ֤ יְהוָה֙ הַיּ֔וֹם מִיַּ֖ד כָּל־הַקָּמִ֥ים עָלֶֽיךָ׃ס # verse = 2SA.18.31 1-2 וְהִנֵּ֥ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_18:31!1|MId=o100180310011|Strong=2050b 2 הִנֵּ֥ה הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 5 discourse _ Gloss=here!|Ref=2SA_18:31!1|MId=o100180310012|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 3-4 הַכּוּשִׁ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 4 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_18:31!2|MId=o100180310021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 כּוּשִׁ֖י כֻּשִׁי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ Gloss=Cushite|Ref=2SA_18:31!2|MId=o100180310022|Strong=3569|Type=gentilic 5 בָּ֑א בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=[was].coming|Ref=2SA_18:31!3|MId=o100180310031|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:100180310022;|Type=qatal 6-7 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_18:31!4|MId=o100180310041|Strong=2050b 7 יֹּ֣אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 5 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=2SA_18:31!4|MId=o100180310042|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:100180310052;|Type=wayyiqtol 8-9 הַכּוּשִׁ֗י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_18:31!5|MId=o100180310051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 כּוּשִׁ֗י כֻּשִׁי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ Gloss=Cushite|Ref=2SA_18:31!5|MId=o100180310052|Strong=3569|Type=gentilic 10 יִתְבַּשֵּׂר֙ בָּשַׂר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HITHPAEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 7 ccomp _ Gloss=let.him.receive.the.news|Ref=2SA_18:31!6|MId=o100180310061|Strong=1319|Frame=A0:100180310071;|Type=yiqtol 11-12 אֲדֹנִ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 אֲדֹנ אָדוֹן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ Gloss=lord|Ref=2SA_18:31!7|MId=o100180310071|Strong=0113 12 ִ֣י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=2SA_18:31!7|MId=o100180310072|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 13-14 הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_18:31!8|MId=o100180310081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 מֶּ֔לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 appos _ Gloss=king|Ref=2SA_18:31!8|MId=o100180310082|Strong=4428 15 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 16 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=2SA_18:31!9|MId=o100180310091|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 16-17 שְׁפָטְךָ֤ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 שְׁפָט שָׁפַט VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 10 advcl _ Gloss=he|Ref=2SA_18:31!10|MId=o100180310101|Strong=8199|Frame=A1:100180310102;A0:100180310111;|Type=qatal 17 ְךָ֤ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 16 obj _ Gloss=has.vindicated.you|Ref=2SA_18:31!10|MId=o100180310102|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 18 יְהוָה֙ יהוה PROPN _ _ 16 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=2SA_18:31!11|MId=o100180310111|Strong=3068 19-20 הַיּ֔וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=this|Ref=2SA_18:31!12|MId=o100180310121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 יּ֔וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 obl _ Gloss=day|Ref=2SA_18:31!12|MId=o100180310122|Strong=3117 21-22 מִיַּ֖ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2SA_18:31!13|MId=o100180310131|Strong=4480 22 יַּ֖ד יָד NOUN _ Number=Sing 16 obl _ Gloss=the.hand|Ref=2SA_18:31!13|MId=o100180310132|Strong=3027 23 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.all|Ref=2SA_18:31!14|MId=o100180310141|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 24-25 הַקָּמִ֥ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 25 mark _ Gloss=[those|Ref=2SA_18:31!15|MId=o100180310151|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 25 קָּמִ֥ים קוּם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 23 compound:smixut _ Gloss=who].rose.up|Ref=2SA_18:31!15|MId=o100180310152|Strong=6965|Type=participle_active 26-27 עָלֶֽיךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 עָלֶֽי עַל ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_18:31!16|MId=o100180310161|Strong=5921 27 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 25 obl _ Gloss=you|Ref=2SA_18:31!16|MId=o100180310162|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 28 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 27 punct _ Ref=2SA_18:31!16|SpaceAfter=No 29 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 27 punct _ Ref=2SA_18:31!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | בָּא *\[was\] coming* | qatal · qal | כּוּשִׁי *Cushite* | | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | כּוּשִׁי *Cushite* | | | | | יִתְבַּשֵּׂר *let him receive the news* | yiqtol · hithpael | אֲדֹנ *lord* | | | | | שְׁפָט *he* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | ְךָ *has vindicated you* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְהָא כוּשִׁי אֲתָא וַאֲמַר כוּשִׁי יִתְבַּסַר רִבּוֹנִי מַלְכָּא אֲרֵי אִתְפְּרַע לָךְ יְיָ יוֹמָא דֵין מִיַד כָּל דְקָמוּ עֲלָךְ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my lord the king; for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.544/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:486`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 18:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.30/) - next →: [2 Samuel 18:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.32/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/18/)