--- title: 2 Samuel 2:23 — Howbeit he refused to turn aside; wherefore Abner with the hinder en… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Howbeit he refused to turn aside; wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him in the groin, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place; and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still. 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The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Abner, spear, many, Asahel — and what happens in the verse to Asahel, groin, place, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיְמָאֵ֣ן לָס֗וּר וַיַּכֵּ֣הוּ אַבְנֵר֩ בְּאַחֲרֵ֨י הַחֲנִ֜ית אֶל־הַחֹ֗מֶשׁ וַתֵּצֵ֤א הַֽחֲנִית֙ מֵאַחֲרָ֔יו וַיִּפָּל־שָׁ֖ם וַיָּ֣מָת תַּחְתָּ֑יו וַיְהִ֡י כָּל־הַבָּ֣א אֶֽל־הַמָּקוֹם֩ אֲשֶׁר־נָ֨פַל שָׁ֧ם עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל וַיָּמֹ֖ת וַֽיַּעֲמֹֽדוּ׃ [Howbeit he refused to turn aside; wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him in the groin, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place; and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.57/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:49 # text = וַיְמָאֵ֣ן לָס֗וּר וַיַּכֵּ֣הוּ אַבְנֵר֩ בְּאַחֲרֵ֨י הַחֲנִ֜ית אֶל־הַחֹ֗מֶשׁ וַתֵּצֵ֤א הַֽחֲנִית֙ מֵאַחֲרָ֔יו וַיִּפָּל־שָׁ֖ם וַיָּ֣מָת תַּחְתָּ֑יו וַיְהִ֡י כָּל־הַבָּ֣א אֶֽל־הַמָּקוֹם֩ אֲשֶׁר־נָ֨פַל שָׁ֧ם עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל וַיָּמֹ֖ת וַֽיַּעֲמֹֽדוּ׃ # verse = 2SA.2.23 1-2 וַיְמָאֵ֣ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!1|MId=o100020230011|Strong=2050b 2 יְמָאֵ֣ן מָאֵן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.refused|Ref=2SA_2:23!1|MId=o100020230012|Strong=3985|Frame=A0:100020220061;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 לָס֗וּר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_2:23!2|MId=o100020230021|Strong=3807a 4 ס֗וּר סוּר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 xcomp _ Gloss=turn.aside|Ref=2SA_2:23!2|MId=o100020230022|Strong=5493|Frame=A0:100020220061;|Type=infinitive_construct 5-7 וַיַּכֵּ֣הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!3|MId=o100020230031|Strong=2050b 6 יַּכּ נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he|Ref=2SA_2:23!3|MId=o100020230032|Strong=5221|Frame=A0:100020230033;AA:100020230041;|Type=wayyiqtol 7 ֵ֣הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 obj _ Gloss=struck.him|Ref=2SA_2:23!3|MId=o100020230033|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 8 אַבְנֵר֩ אַבְנֵר PROPN _ _ 6 nsubj _ Gloss=Abner|Ref=2SA_2:23!4|MId=o100020230041|Strong=0074 9-10 בְּאַחֲרֵ֨י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=2SA_2:23!5|MId=o100020230051|Strong=0871a 10 אַחֲרֵ֨י אַחַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 obl _ Gloss=the.back.end(s)|Ref=2SA_2:23!5|MId=o100020230052|Strong=0310 11-12 הַחֲנִ֜ית _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 12 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2SA_2:23!6|MId=o100020230061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 חֲנִ֜ית חֲנִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.spear|Ref=2SA_2:23!6|MId=o100020230062|Strong=2595 13 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=into|Ref=2SA_2:23!7|MId=o100020230071|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 14-15 הַחֹ֗מֶשׁ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_2:23!8|MId=o100020230081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 חֹ֗מֶשׁ חֹמֶשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 obl _ Gloss=belly|Ref=2SA_2:23!8|MId=o100020230082|Strong=2570 16-17 וַתֵּצֵ֤א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!9|MId=o100020230091|Strong=2050b 17 תֵּצֵ֤א יָצָא VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.went.out|Ref=2SA_2:23!9|MId=o100020230092|Strong=3318|Frame=A0:100020230102;|Type=wayyiqtol 18-19 הַֽחֲנִית֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הַֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_2:23!10|MId=o100020230101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 חֲנִית֙ חֲנִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ Gloss=spear|Ref=2SA_2:23!10|MId=o100020230102|Strong=2595 20-22 מֵאַחֲרָ֔יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2SA_2:23!11|MId=o100020230111|Strong=4480 21 אַחֲרָ֔י אַחַר NOUN _ _ 17 obl _ Gloss=behind|Ref=2SA_2:23!11|MId=o100020230112|Strong=0310 22 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nmod:poss _ Gloss=him|Ref=2SA_2:23!11|MId=o100020230113|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 23-24 וַיִּפָּל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!12|MId=o100020230121|Strong=2050b 24 יִּפָּל־ נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.fell|Ref=2SA_2:23!12|MId=o100020230122|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:100020220061;|Type=wayyiqtol 25 שָׁ֖ם שָׁם ADV _ _ 24 advmod _ Gloss=there|Ref=2SA_2:23!13|MId=o100020230131|Strong=8033 26-27 וַיָּ֣מָת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 27 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!14|MId=o100020230141|Strong=2050b 27 יָּ֣מָת מוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.died|Ref=2SA_2:23!14|MId=o100020230142|Strong=4191|Frame=A0:100020220061;|Type=wayyiqtol 28-29 תַּחְתָּ֑יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 תַּחְתָּ֑י תַּחַת NOUN _ _ 27 obl _ Gloss=in|Ref=2SA_2:23!16|MId=o100020230161|Strong=8478 29 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 28 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his.place|Ref=2SA_2:23!16|MId=o100020230162|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 30-31 וַיְהִ֡י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 31 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!17|MId=o100020230171|Strong=2050b 31 יְהִ֡י הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=2SA_2:23!17|MId=o100020230172|Strong=1961|Type=wayyiqtol 32 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 45 dislocated _ Gloss=every|Ref=2SA_2:23!18|MId=o100020230181|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 33-34 הַבָּ֣א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 34 mark _ Gloss=(the).[one|Ref=2SA_2:23!19|MId=o100020230191|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 34 בָּ֣א בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 32 compound:smixut _ Gloss=who].came|Ref=2SA_2:23!19|MId=o100020230192|Strong=0935|Type=participle_active 35 אֶֽל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 37 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_2:23!20|MId=o100020230201|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 36-37 הַמָּקוֹם֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 37 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_2:23!21|MId=o100020230211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 37 מָּקוֹם֩ מָקוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 obl _ Gloss=place|Ref=2SA_2:23!21|MId=o100020230212|Strong=4725 38 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 39 mark _ Gloss=where|Ref=2SA_2:23!22|MId=o100020230221|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 39 נָ֨פַל נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 37 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.fell|Ref=2SA_2:23!23|MId=o100020230231|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:100020230251;|Type=qatal 40 שָׁ֧ם שָׁם ADV _ _ 39 advmod _ Gloss=there|Ref=2SA_2:23!24|MId=o100020230241|Strong=8033 41 עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל עֲשָׂהאֵל PROPN _ _ 39 nsubj _ Gloss=Asahel|Ref=2SA_2:23!25|MId=o100020230251|Strong=6214 42-43 וַיָּמֹ֖ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 43 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!26|MId=o100020230261|Strong=2050b 43 יָּמֹ֖ת מוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 39 conj _ Gloss=he.died|Ref=2SA_2:23!26|MId=o100020230262|Strong=4191|Frame=A0:100020230251;|Type=wayyiqtol 44-45 וַֽיַּעֲמֹֽדוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 45 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_2:23!27|MId=o100020230271|Strong=2050b 45 יַּעֲמֹֽדוּ עָמַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=they.stood.still|Ref=2SA_2:23!27|MId=o100020230272|Strong=5975|Frame=A0:100020230192;|Type=wayyiqtol 46 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 45 punct _ Ref=2SA_2:23!27 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יְמָאֵן *he refused* | wayyiqtol · piel | | | | | | סוּר *turn aside* | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | יַּכּ *he* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | ֵהוּ *struck him* | | | אַבְנֵר *Abner* | | תֵּצֵא *it went out* | wayyiqtol · qal | חֲנִית *spear* | | | | | יִּפָּל־ *he fell* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | יָּמָת *he died* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | נָפַל *he fell* | qatal · qal | עֲשָׂהאֵל *Asahel* | | | | | יָּמֹת *he died* | wayyiqtol · qal | עֲשָׂהאֵל *Asahel* | | | | | יַּעֲמֹֽדוּ *they stood still* | wayyiqtol · qal | בָּא *who\] came* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְלָא אָבָא לְמֵיזַר וּמְחָהִי אַבְנֵר בַּאֲחוֹרֵי מוּרְנִיתָא בִּסְטַר יַרְכֵיהּ וּנְפָקַת מוּרְנִיתָא מֵאֲחוֹרוֹהִי וּנְפַל תַּמָן וּמִית בְּאַתְרֵיהּ וַהֲוָה כָּל דְאָתֵי לְאַתְרָא דִנְפַל תַּמָן עֲשָׂהאֵל וּמִית וְקַיְמִין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Howbeit he refused to turn aside; wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him in the groin, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place; and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.57/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:49`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 2:22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.2.22/) - next →: [2 Samuel 2:24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.2.24/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/2/)