--- title: 2 Samuel 20:12 — And Amasa lay wallowing in his blood in the midst of the highway. An… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Amasa lay wallowing in his blood in the midst of the highway. And when the man saw that all the people stood still, he carried Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a garment over him, when he saw that every one that came by him stood still. Who acts: Amasa, man, people, one. 2 Samue --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/20/) / 20:12 # 2 Samuel 20:12 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** Amasa, man, people, one · **What happens:** lie, wallow, see, stand, carry, cast · **To what, where:** blood, Amasa, highway, garment · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 2 Samuel 20:12 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Amasa, man, people, one — and what happens in the verse to blood, Amasa, highway, garment, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַעֲמָשָׂ֛א מִתְגֹּלֵ֥ל בַּדָּ֖ם בְּת֣וֹךְ הַֽמְסִּלָּ֑הוַיַּ֨רְא הָאִ֜ישׁ כִּֽי־עָמַ֣ד כָּל־הָעָ֗ם וַיַּסֵּב֩ אֶת־עֲמָשָׂ֨א מִן־הַֽמְסִלָּ֤ה הַשָּׂדֶה֙ וַיַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ עָלָיו֙ בֶּ֔גֶד כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר רָאָ֔ה כָּל־הַבָּ֥א עָלָ֖יו וְעָמָֽד׃ [And Amasa lay wallowing in his blood in the midst of the highway.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.615/) [And when the man saw that all the people stood still, he carried Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a garment over him, when he saw that every one that came by him stood still.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.616/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:543 # text = וַעֲמָשָׂ֛א מִתְגֹּלֵ֥ל בַּדָּ֖ם בְּת֣וֹךְ הַֽמְסִּלָּ֑הוַיַּ֨רְא הָאִ֜ישׁ כִּֽי־עָמַ֣ד כָּל־הָעָ֗ם וַיַּסֵּב֩ אֶת־עֲמָשָׂ֨א מִן־הַֽמְסִלָּ֤ה הַשָּׂדֶה֙ וַיַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ עָלָיו֙ בֶּ֔גֶד כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר רָאָ֔ה כָּל־הַבָּ֥א עָלָ֖יו וְעָמָֽד׃ # verse = 2SA.20.12 1-2 וַעֲמָשָׂ֛א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 3 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_20:12!1|MId=o100200120011|Strong=2050b 2 עֲמָשָׂ֛א עֲמָשָׂא PROPN _ _ 3 nsubj _ Gloss=Amasa|Ref=2SA_20:12!1|MId=o100200120012|Strong=6021 3 מִתְגֹּלֵ֥ל גָּלַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HITHPOLEL|Number=Sing 0 root _ Gloss=[was].rolling|Ref=2SA_20:12!2|MId=o100200120021|Strong=1556|Frame=A0:100200120012;|Type=participle_active 4-6 בַּדָּ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=2SA_20:12!3|MId=o100200120031|Strong=0871a 5 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=2SA_20:12!3|MId=o100200120031ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 דָּ֖ם דָּם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=blood|Ref=2SA_20:12!3|MId=o100200120032|Strong=1818 7-8 בְּת֣וֹךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=2SA_20:12!4|MId=o100200120041|Strong=0871a 8 ת֣וֹךְ תָּוֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=the.middle|Ref=2SA_20:12!4|MId=o100200120042|Strong=8432 9-12 הַֽמְסִּלָּ֑הוַיַּ֨רְא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 הַֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2SA_20:12!5|MId=o100200120051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 מְסִּלָּ֑ה מְסִלָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.highway|Ref=2SA_20:12!5|MId=o100200120052|Strong=4546 11 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_20:12!6|MId=o100200120061|Strong=2050b 12 יַּ֨רְא רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=he.saw|Ref=2SA_20:12!6|MId=o100200120062|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:100200120072;A1:100200120091;|Type=wayyiqtol 13-14 הָאִ֜ישׁ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_20:12!7|MId=o100200120071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 אִ֜ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ Gloss=man|Ref=2SA_20:12!7|MId=o100200120072|Strong=0376 15 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 16 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=2SA_20:12!8|MId=o100200120081|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 16 עָמַ֣ד עָמַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 12 ccomp _ Gloss=it.stopped|Ref=2SA_20:12!9|MId=o100200120091|Strong=5975|Frame=A0:100200120112;|Type=qatal 17 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=2SA_20:12!10|MId=o100200120101|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 18-19 הָעָ֗ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_20:12!11|MId=o100200120111|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 עָ֗ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=people|Ref=2SA_20:12!11|MId=o100200120112|Strong=5971 20-21 וַיַּסֵּב֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_20:12!12|MId=o100200120121|Strong=2050b 21 יַּסֵּב֩ סָבַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=he.brought.round|Ref=2SA_20:12!12|MId=o100200120122|Strong=5437|Frame=AA:100200120072;A0:100200120141;|Type=wayyiqtol 22 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2SA_20:12!13|MId=o100200120131|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 23 עֲמָשָׂ֨א עֲמָשָׂא PROPN _ _ 21 obj _ Gloss=Amasa|Ref=2SA_20:12!14|MId=o100200120141|Strong=6021 24 מִן־ מִן ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2SA_20:12!15|MId=o100200120151|Strong=4480|SpaceAfter=No 25-26 הַֽמְסִלָּ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 הַֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 26 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_20:12!16|MId=o100200120161|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 26 מְסִלָּ֤ה מְסִלָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 21 obl _ Gloss=highway|Ref=2SA_20:12!16|MId=o100200120162|Strong=4546 27-28 הַשָּׂדֶה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_20:12!17|MId=o100200120171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 שָּׂדֶה֙ שָׂדֶה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 obl _ Gloss=field|Ref=2SA_20:12!17|MId=o100200120172|Strong=7704 29-30 וַיַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_20:12!18|MId=o100200120181|Strong=2050b 30 יַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ שָׁלַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=he.threw|Ref=2SA_20:12!18|MId=o100200120182|Strong=7993|Frame=AA:100200120072;A0:100200120201;|Type=wayyiqtol 31-32 עָלָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 עָלָי עַל ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=2SA_20:12!19|MId=o100200120191|Strong=5921 32 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=2SA_20:12!19|MId=o100200120192|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 33 בֶּ֔גֶד בֶּגֶד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obj _ Gloss=a.garment|Ref=2SA_20:12!20|MId=o100200120201|Strong=0899 34-35 כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 30 obl _ Gloss=when|Ref=2SA_20:12!21|MId=o100200120211|Strong=3509a 35 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 36 mark _ Gloss=|Ref=2SA_20:12!21|MId=o100200120212|Strong=0834|Type=relative 36 רָאָ֔ה רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 34 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.saw|Ref=2SA_20:12!22|MId=o100200120221|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:100200120242;|Type=qatal 37 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ Gloss=every|Ref=2SA_20:12!23|MId=o100200120231|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 38-39 הַבָּ֥א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 39 mark _ Gloss=(the).[one|Ref=2SA_20:12!24|MId=o100200120241|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 39 בָּ֥א בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 37 compound:smixut _ Gloss=who].came|Ref=2SA_20:12!24|MId=o100200120242|Strong=0935|Type=participle_active 40-41 עָלָ֖יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 עָלָ֖י עַל ADP _ _ 41 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_20:12!25|MId=o100200120251|Strong=5921 41 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 39 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=2SA_20:12!25|MId=o100200120252|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 42-43 וְעָמָֽד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 43 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_20:12!26|MId=o100200120261|Strong=2050b 43 עָמָֽד עָמַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 36 conj _ Gloss=he.stopped|Ref=2SA_20:12!26|MId=o100200120262|Strong=5975|Frame=A0:100200120242;|Type=qatal 44 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 43 punct _ Ref=2SA_20:12!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | מִתְגֹּלֵל *\[was\] rolling* | participle active · hithpolel | עֲמָשָׂא *Amasa* | | | | | יַּרְא *he saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | אִישׁ *man* | עָמַד *it stopped* | | | | עָמַד *it stopped* | qatal · qal | עָם *people* | | | | | יַּסֵּב *he brought round* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | עֲמָשָׂא *Amasa* | | | אִישׁ *man* | | יַּשְׁלֵךְ *he threw* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | בֶּגֶד *a garment* | | | אִישׁ *man* | | רָאָה *he saw* | qatal · qal | בָּא *who\] came* | | | | | עָמָֽד *he stopped* | qatal · qal | בָּא *who\] came* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַעֲמָשָׂא מִטְרַף בִּדְמָא בְּגוֹ כַבְשָׁא וַחֲזָא גַבְרָא אֲרֵי קָם כָּל עַמָא וְאַסְחַר יַת עֲמָשָׂא מִן כַּבְשָׁא לְחַקְלָא וּרְמָא עֲלוֹהִי לְבוּשָׁא כַּד חֲזָא כָּל דַאֲתֵי עֲלוֹהִי וְקָאִים: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Amasa lay wallowing in his blood in the midst of the highway.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.615/) 2. [And when the man saw that all the people stood still, he carried Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a garment over him, when he saw that every one that came by him stood still.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.616/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:543`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 20:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.11/) - next →: [2 Samuel 20:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.13/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/20/)