--- title: 2 Samuel 20:18 — Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying: They shall surely ask counsel at Abel; and so they ended the matter. Who acts: Beth, women. 2 Samuel 20:18 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/20/) / 20:18 # 2 Samuel 20:18 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** Beth, women · **What happens:** speak, say, be, ask, end · **To what, where:** counsel, Abel, matter · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 2 Samuel 20:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Beth, women — and what happens in the verse to counsel, Abel, matter, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַתֹּ֖אמֶר לֵאמֹ֑ר דַּבֵּ֨ר יְדַבְּר֤וּ בָרִֽאשֹׁנָה֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר שָׁאֹ֧ל יְשָׁאֲל֛וּ בְּאָבֵ֖ל וְכֵ֥ן הֵתַֽמּוּ׃ [Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying: They shall surely ask counsel at Abel; and so they ended the matter.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.622/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:549 # text = וַתֹּ֖אמֶר לֵאמֹ֑ר דַּבֵּ֨ר יְדַבְּר֤וּ בָרִֽאשֹׁנָה֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר שָׁאֹ֧ל יְשָׁאֲל֛וּ בְּאָבֵ֖ל וְכֵ֥ן הֵתַֽמּוּ׃ # verse = 2SA.20.18 1-2 וַתֹּ֖אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_20:18!1|MId=o100200180011|Strong=2050b 2 תֹּ֖אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=she.said|Ref=2SA_20:18!1|MId=o100200180012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:100200170042;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 לֵאמֹ֑ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 6 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=2SA_20:18!2|MId=o100200180021|Strong=3807a 4 אמֹ֑ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 3 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=2SA_20:18!2|MId=o100200180022|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:100200170042;|Type=infinitive_construct 5 דַּבֵּ֨ר דָבַר VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 6 obl:npmod _ Gloss=surely.(speak)|Ref=2SA_20:18!3|MId=o100200180031|Strong=1696|Type=infinitive_absolute 6 יְדַבְּר֤וּ דָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 ccomp _ Gloss=they.spoke|Ref=2SA_20:18!4|MId=o100200180041|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:;|Type=yiqtol 7-9 בָרִֽאשֹׁנָה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 בָ בְּ ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=at|Ref=2SA_20:18!5|MId=o100200180051|Strong=0871a 8 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the.former|Ref=2SA_20:18!5|MId=o100200180051ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 רִֽאשֹׁנָה֙ רִאשׁוֹן ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 obl _ Gloss=[time]|Ref=2SA_20:18!5|MId=o100200180052|Strong=7223|Type=adjective 10-11 לֵאמֹ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 13 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=2SA_20:18!6|MId=o100200180061|Strong=3807a 11 אמֹ֔ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 10 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=2SA_20:18!6|MId=o100200180062|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:;|Type=infinitive_construct 12 שָׁאֹ֧ל שָׁאַל VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 13 obl:npmod _ Gloss=really.(ask)|Ref=2SA_20:18!7|MId=o100200180071|Strong=7592|Type=infinitive_absolute 13 יְשָׁאֲל֛וּ שָׁאַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 6 ccomp _ Gloss=they.will.ask|Ref=2SA_20:18!8|MId=o100200180081|Strong=7592|Frame=A0:;|Type=yiqtol 14-15 בְּאָבֵ֖ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=at|Ref=2SA_20:18!9|MId=o100200180091|Strong=0871a 15 אָבֵ֖ל אָבֵל PROPN _ _ 13 obl _ Gloss=Abel|Ref=2SA_20:18!9|MId=o100200180092|Strong=0059 16-17 וְכֵ֥ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_20:18!10|MId=o100200180101|Strong=2050b 17 כֵ֥ן כֵּן ADV _ _ 18 advmod _ Gloss=thus|Ref=2SA_20:18!10|MId=o100200180102|Strong=3651|Type=demonstrative 18 הֵתַֽמּוּ תָּמַם VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 13 conj _ Gloss=they.ceased|Ref=2SA_20:18!11|MId=o100200180111|Strong=8552|Frame=A0:;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 19 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 18 punct _ Ref=2SA_20:18!11 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | תֹּאמֶר *she said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | יְדַבְּרוּ *they spoke* | yiqtol · piel | | | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | יְשָׁאֲלוּ *they will ask* | yiqtol · piel | | | | | | הֵתַֽמּוּ *they ceased* | qatal · hiphil | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַרַת לְמֵימַר אֶדְכַּר כְּעַן מַה דִכְתִיב בִסְפַר אוֹרַיְתָא לְמִשְׁאַל בְּקַרְתָּא בְקַדְמִין לְמֵימַר הַכְדֵין הֲוָת לָךְ לְמִשְׁאַל בְּאָבֵל אִם מַשְׁלְמִין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying: They shall surely ask counsel at Abel; and so they ended the matter.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.622/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:549`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 20:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.17/) - next →: [2 Samuel 20:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.19/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/20/)