--- title: 2 Samuel 21:10 — And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for he… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured upon them from heaven; and she suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night. Who acts: Rizpah, Aiah. 2 Samue --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.21.10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/21/) / 21:10 # 2 Samuel 21:10 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** Rizpah, Aiah · **What happens:** take, spread, pour, suffer, rest, begin · **To what, where:** sackcloth, beginning, water, heaven, birds, harvest This is 2 Samuel 21:10 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Rizpah, Aiah — and what happens in the verse to sackcloth, beginning, water, heaven, birds, harvest, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַתִּקַּ֣ח רִצְפָּה֩ בַת־אַיָּ֨ה אֶת־הַשַּׂ֜ק וַתַּטֵּ֨הוּ לָ֤הּ אֶל־הַצּוּר֙ מִתְּחִלַּ֣ת קָצִ֔יר עַ֛ד נִתַּךְ־מַ֥יִם עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם מִן־הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם וְלֹֽא־נָתְנָה֩ ע֨וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם לָנ֤וּחַ עֲלֵיהֶם֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְאֶת־חַיַּ֥ת הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה לָֽיְלָה׃ [And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured upon them from heaven; and she suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.644/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:567 # text = וַתִּקַּ֣ח רִצְפָּה֩ בַת־אַיָּ֨ה אֶת־הַשַּׂ֜ק וַתַּטֵּ֨הוּ לָ֤הּ אֶל־הַצּוּר֙ מִתְּחִלַּ֣ת קָצִ֔יר עַ֛ד נִתַּךְ־מַ֥יִם עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם מִן־הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם וְלֹֽא־נָתְנָה֩ ע֨וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם לָנ֤וּחַ עֲלֵיהֶם֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְאֶת־חַיַּ֥ת הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה לָֽיְלָה׃ # verse = 2SA.21.10 1-2 וַתִּקַּ֣ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_21:10!1|MId=o100210100011|Strong=2050b 2 תִּקַּ֣ח לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=she.took|Ref=2SA_21:10!1|MId=o100210100012|Strong=3947|Frame=A0:100210100021;A1:100210100062;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 רִצְפָּה֩ רִצְפָּה PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Rizpah|Ref=2SA_21:10!2|MId=o100210100021|Strong=7532 4 בַת־ בַּת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 appos _ Gloss=the.daughter|Ref=2SA_21:10!3|MId=o100210100031|Strong=1323|SpaceAfter=No 5 אַיָּ֨ה אַיָּה PROPN _ _ 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Aiah|Ref=2SA_21:10!4|MId=o100210100041|Strong=0345 6 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2SA_21:10!5|MId=o100210100051|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 7-8 הַשַּׂ֜ק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=2SA_21:10!6|MId=o100210100061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 8 שַּׂ֜ק שַׂק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obj _ Gloss=sackcloth|Ref=2SA_21:10!6|MId=o100210100062|Strong=8242 9-11 וַתַּטֵּ֨הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_21:10!7|MId=o100210100071|Strong=2050b 10 תַּטּ נָטָה VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=she|Ref=2SA_21:10!7|MId=o100210100072|Strong=5186|Frame=AA:100210100021;A0:100210100073;|Type=wayyiqtol 11 ֵ֨הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 obj _ Gloss=spread.it.out|Ref=2SA_21:10!7|MId=o100210100073|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 12-13 לָ֤הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 ל לְ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=2SA_21:10!8|MId=o100210100081|Strong=3807a 13 ָ֤הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 obl _ Gloss=herself|Ref=2SA_21:10!8|MId=o100210100082|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 14 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_21:10!9|MId=o100210100091|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 15-16 הַצּוּר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 16 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_21:10!10|MId=o100210100101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 16 צּוּר֙ צוּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 obl _ Gloss=rock|Ref=2SA_21:10!10|MId=o100210100102|Strong=6697 17-18 מִתְּחִלַּ֣ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=from.[the]|Ref=2SA_21:10!11|MId=o100210100111|Strong=4480 18 תְּחִלַּ֣ת תְּחִלָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 obl _ Gloss=beginning|Ref=2SA_21:10!11|MId=o100210100112|Strong=8462 19 קָצִ֔יר קָצִיר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.harvest|Ref=2SA_21:10!12|MId=o100210100121|Strong=7105 20 עַ֛ד עַד ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=2SA_21:10!13|MId=o100210100131|Strong=5704 21 נִתַּךְ־ נָתַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 10 parataxis _ Gloss=it.was.poured.out|Ref=2SA_21:10!14|MId=o100210100141|Strong=5413|Frame=A1:100210100151;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 22 מַ֥יִם מַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 21 nsubj _ Gloss=water|Ref=2SA_21:10!15|MId=o100210100151|Strong=4325 23-24 עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 עֲלֵי עַל ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_21:10!16|MId=o100210100161|Strong=5921 24 הֶ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=2SA_21:10!16|MId=o100210100162|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 25 מִן־ מִן ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2SA_21:10!17|MId=o100210100171|Strong=4480|SpaceAfter=No 26-27 הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 27 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=2SA_21:10!18|MId=o100210100181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 27 שָּׁמָ֑יִם שָׁמַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 21 obl _ Gloss=heavens|Ref=2SA_21:10!18|MId=o100210100182|Strong=8064 28-29 וְלֹֽא־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_21:10!19|MId=o100210100191|Strong=2050b 29 לֹֽא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 30 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=2SA_21:10!19|MId=o100210100192|Strong=3808|Type=negative 30 נָתְנָה֩ נָתַן VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=she.permitted|Ref=2SA_21:10!20|MId=o100210100201|Strong=5414|Frame=A0:100210100021;A1:100210100211;|Type=qatal 31 ע֨וֹף עוֹף NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obj _ Gloss=the.bird[s]|Ref=2SA_21:10!21|MId=o100210100211|Strong=5775 32-33 הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2SA_21:10!22|MId=o100210100221|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 שָּׁמַ֜יִם שָׁמַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.heavens|Ref=2SA_21:10!22|MId=o100210100222|Strong=8064 34-35 לָנ֤וּחַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 35 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_21:10!23|MId=o100210100231|Strong=3807a 35 נ֤וּחַ נוּחַ VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 30 xcomp _ Gloss=rest|Ref=2SA_21:10!23|MId=o100210100232|Strong=5117|Frame=A0:100210100211;|Type=infinitive_construct 36-37 עֲלֵיהֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 עֲלֵי עַל ADP _ _ 37 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=2SA_21:10!24|MId=o100210100241|Strong=5921 37 הֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 35 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=2SA_21:10!24|MId=o100210100242|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 38 יוֹמָ֔ם יוֹמָם ADV _ _ 30 advmod _ Gloss=by.day|Ref=2SA_21:10!25|MId=o100210100251|Strong=3119 39-40 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 41 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_21:10!26|MId=o100210100261|Strong=2050b 40 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 41 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2SA_21:10!26|MId=o100210100262|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 41 חַיַּ֥ת חַיָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 30 conj _ Gloss=the.animal[s]|Ref=2SA_21:10!27|MId=o100210100271|Strong=2416c 42-43 הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 43 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=2SA_21:10!28|MId=o100210100281|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 43 שָּׂדֶ֖ה שָׂדֶה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 41 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.field|Ref=2SA_21:10!28|MId=o100210100282|Strong=7704 44 לָֽיְלָה לַיְלָה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 41 obl _ Gloss=night|Ref=2SA_21:10!29|MId=o100210100291|Strong=3915|SpaceAfter=No 45 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 44 punct _ Ref=2SA_21:10!29 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | תִּקַּח *she took* | wayyiqtol · qal | רִצְפָּה *Rizpah* | שַּׂק *sackcloth* | | | | תַּטּ *she* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | ֵהוּ *spread it out* | | | רִצְפָּה *Rizpah* | | נִתַּךְ־ *it was poured out* | qatal · niphal | | מַיִם *water* | | | | **not** נָתְנָה *she permitted* | qatal · qal | רִצְפָּה *Rizpah* | עוֹף *the bird\[s\]* | | | | נוּחַ *rest* | infinitive construct · qal | עוֹף *the bird\[s\]* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּנְסִיבַת רִצְפָּה בַּת אַיָה יַת סַקָא וּפִרְסָתֵיהּ לָהּ עַל טִנָרָא מִשְׁרָיוּת חַצְדָא עַל דִנְחָתַת מִטְרָא עֲלֵיהוֹן מִן שְׁמַיָא וְלָא שַׁבְקַת עוֹפָא דִשְׁמַיָא לִמְנַח עֲלֵיהוֹן בִּימָמָא וְיַת חֵיוַת בָּרָא בְּלֵילְיָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured upon them from heaven; and she suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.644/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:567`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 21:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.21.9/) - next →: [2 Samuel 21:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.21.11/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/21/)