--- title: 2 Samuel 23:4 — And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning with… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning without clouds; when through clear shining after rain, the tender grass springeth out of the earth.' Who acts: sun, tender grass. 2 Samuel 23:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every cl --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.23.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/23/) / 23:4 # 2 Samuel 23:4 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** sun, tender grass · **What happens:** rise, spring out, light · **To what, where:** earth, clear shining, morning This is 2 Samuel 23:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — sun, tender grass — and what happens in the verse to earth, clear shining, morning, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וּכְא֥וֹר בֹּ֖קֶר יִזְרַח־שָׁ֑מֶשׁ בֹּ֚קֶר לֹ֣א עָב֔וֹת מִנֹּ֥גַהּ מִמָּטָ֖ר דֶּ֥שֶׁא מֵאָֽרֶץ׃ [And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning without clouds; when through clear shining after rain, the tender grass springeth out of the earth.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.714/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:634 # text = וּכְא֥וֹר בֹּ֖קֶר יִזְרַח־שָׁ֑מֶשׁ בֹּ֚קֶר לֹ֣א עָב֔וֹת מִנֹּ֥גַהּ מִמָּטָ֖ר דֶּ֥שֶׁא מֵאָֽרֶץ׃ # verse = 2SA.23.4 1-3 וּכְא֥וֹר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 3 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_23:4!1|MId=o100230040011|Strong=2050b 2 כְ כְּ ADP _ _ 3 case _ Gloss=like.[the]|Ref=2SA_23:4!1|MId=o100230040012|Strong=3509a 3 א֥וֹר אוֹר NOUN _ Number=Sing 0 root _ Gloss=light|Ref=2SA_23:4!1|MId=o100230040013|Strong=0216 4 בֹּ֖קֶר בֹּקֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.morning|Ref=2SA_23:4!2|MId=o100230040021|Strong=1242 5 יִזְרַח־ זָרַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 acl _ Gloss=he.dawns|Ref=2SA_23:4!3|MId=o100230040031|Strong=2224|Frame=A0:100230040041;|Type=yiqtol|SpaceAfter=No 6 שָׁ֑מֶשׁ שֶׁמֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ Gloss=[the].sun|Ref=2SA_23:4!4|MId=o100230040041|Strong=8121 7 בֹּ֚קֶר בֹּקֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 parataxis _ Gloss=morning|Ref=2SA_23:4!5|MId=o100230040051|Strong=1242 8 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 9 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=2SA_23:4!6|MId=o100230040061|Strong=3808|Type=negative 9 עָב֔וֹת עָב NOUN _ Number=Plur 7 acl _ Gloss=clouds|Ref=2SA_23:4!7|MId=o100230040071|Strong=5645 10-11 מִנֹּ֥גַהּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2SA_23:4!8|MId=o100230040081|Strong=4480 11 נֹּ֥גַהּ נֹגַהּ NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 acl _ Gloss=brightness|Ref=2SA_23:4!8|MId=o100230040082|Strong=5051 12-13 מִמָּטָ֖ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=2SA_23:4!9|MId=o100230040091|Strong=4480 13 מָּטָ֖ר מָטַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=rain|Ref=2SA_23:4!9|MId=o100230040092|Strong=4306 14 דֶּ֥שֶׁא דֶּשֶׁא NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ Gloss=fresh.grass|Ref=2SA_23:4!10|MId=o100230040101|Strong=1877 15-16 מֵאָֽרֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=from.[the]|Ref=2SA_23:4!11|MId=o100230040111|Strong=4480 16 אָֽרֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=earth|Ref=2SA_23:4!11|MId=o100230040112|Strong=0776 17 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 16 punct _ Ref=2SA_23:4!11 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִזְרַח־ *he dawns* | yiqtol · qal | שָׁמֶשׁ *\[the\] sun* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} טוּבֵיכוֹן צַדִיקַיָא עֲבַדְתּוּן לְכוֹן עוֹבָדִין טָבִין דְאַתּוּן עֲתִידִין לְאַנְהָרָא בְּזֵיהוֹר יְקָרֵיהּ כִּנְהוֹר צַפְרָא דְאָזֵיל וְתַקִין וּכְשִׁימְשָׁא דַעֲתִיד לְאַנְהָרָא כְּזֵיהוֹר יְקָרֵיהּ עַל חַד תְּלַת מְאָה אַרְבְּעִין וּתְלָתָא כִּנְהוֹר שִׁבְעַת כּוֹכְבַיָא שִׁבְעַת יוֹמַיָא יַתִּיר מִכְּדֵין תִּתְרַבּוּן וְיֵיטַב לְכוֹן דַהֲוֵיתוֹן מֵחַמְדִין לִשְׁנֵי נֶחָמָתָא דְאַתְיָן הָא כְּאִכָּרָא דִמְסוֹבַר בִּשְׁנֵי בַּצוֹרְתָּא דְיֵחוֹת מִיטְרָא עַל אַרְעָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning without clouds; when through clear shining after rain, the tender grass springeth out of the earth.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.714/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:634`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 23:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.23.3/) - next →: [2 Samuel 23:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.23.5/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/23/)