--- title: 2 Samuel 3:12 — And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is th… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is the land?' saying also: 'Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring over all Israel unto thee.' Who acts: Abner, hand. 2 Samuel 3:12 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/3/) / 3:12 # 2 Samuel 3:12 שְׁמוּאֵל ב **Who acts:** Abner, hand · **What happens:** send, say, be, make, bring over · **To what, where:** messengers, David, land, league, Israel · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is 2 Samuel 3:12 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Abner, hand — and what happens in the verse to messengers, David, land, league, Israel, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of 2 Samuel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ אַבְנֵ֨ר מַלְאָכִ֧ים ׀ אֶל־דָּוִ֛ד תַּחְתָּ֥יו לֵאמֹ֖ר לְמִי־אָ֑רֶץ לֵאמֹ֗ר כָּרְתָ֤ה בְרִֽיתְךָ֙ אִתִּ֔י וְהִנֵּה֙ יָדִ֣י עִמָּ֔ךְ לְהָסֵ֥ב אֵלֶ֖יךָ אֶת־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ [And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is the land?' saying also: 'Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring over all Israel unto thee.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.81/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:2SA:70 # text = וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ אַבְנֵ֨ר מַלְאָכִ֧ים ׀ אֶל־דָּוִ֛ד תַּחְתָּ֥יו לֵאמֹ֖ר לְמִי־אָ֑רֶץ לֵאמֹ֗ר כָּרְתָ֤ה בְרִֽיתְךָ֙ אִתִּ֔י וְהִנֵּה֙ יָדִ֣י עִמָּ֔ךְ לְהָסֵ֥ב אֵלֶ֖יךָ אֶת־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ # verse = 2SA.3.12 1-2 וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_3:12!1|MId=o100030120011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּשְׁלַח֩ שָׁלַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.sent|Ref=2SA_3:12!1|MId=o100030120012|Strong=7971|Frame=A0:100030120021;A1:100030120031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אַבְנֵ֨ר אַבְנֵר PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Abner|Ref=2SA_3:12!2|MId=o100030120021|Strong=0074 4 מַלְאָכִ֧ים מַלְאָךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 obj _ Gloss=messengers|Ref=2SA_3:12!3|MId=o100030120031|Strong=4397 5 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ Ref=2SA_3:12!3 6 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_3:12!4|MId=o100030120041|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 7 דָּוִ֛ד דָּוִד PROPN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=David|Ref=2SA_3:12!5|MId=o100030120051|Strong=1732 8-9 תַּחְתָּ֥יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 תַּחְתָּ֥י תַּחַת NOUN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=in|Ref=2SA_3:12!7|MId=o100030120071|Strong=8478 9 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ Gloss=place.of.himself|Ref=2SA_3:12!7|MId=o100030120072|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 10-11 לֵאמֹ֖ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 13 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=2SA_3:12!8|MId=o100030120081|Strong=3807a 11 אמֹ֖ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 10 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=2SA_3:12!8|MId=o100030120082|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:100030120021;|Type=infinitive_construct 12-13 לְמִי־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=[belongs].to|Ref=2SA_3:12!9|MId=o100030120091|Strong=3807a 13 מִי־ מִי PRON _ PronType=Int 2 advcl _ Gloss=whom?|Ref=2SA_3:12!9|MId=o100030120092|Strong=4310|Type=interrogative 14 אָ֑רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ Gloss=[the].land|Ref=2SA_3:12!10|MId=o100030120101|Strong=0776 15-16 לֵאמֹ֗ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 17 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=2SA_3:12!11|MId=o100030120111|Strong=3807a 16 אמֹ֗ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 15 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=2SA_3:12!11|MId=o100030120112|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:100030120021;|Type=infinitive_construct 17-18 כָּרְתָ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 כָּרְת כָּרַת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 advcl _ Gloss=make|Ref=2SA_3:12!12|MId=o100030120121|Strong=3772|Frame=A0:100030120051;A1:100030120131;|Type=imperative 18 ָ֤ה ה X _ _ 17 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=2SA_3:12!12|MId=o100030120122|Strong=1886j|Type=paragogic_he 19-20 בְרִֽיתְךָ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 בְרִֽית בְּרִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 obj _ Gloss=covenant|Ref=2SA_3:12!13|MId=o100030120131|Strong=1285 20 ְךָ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 19 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=2SA_3:12!13|MId=o100030120132|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 21-22 אִתִּ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 אִתּ אֵת ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=2SA_3:12!14|MId=o100030120141|Strong=0854 22 ִ֔י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 obl _ Gloss=me|Ref=2SA_3:12!14|MId=o100030120142|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 23-24 וְהִנֵּה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=2SA_3:12!15|MId=o100030120151|Strong=2050b 24 הִנֵּה֙ הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 17 conj _ Gloss=here!|Ref=2SA_3:12!15|MId=o100030120152|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 25-26 יָדִ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 יָד יָד NOUN _ Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ Gloss=hand|Ref=2SA_3:12!16|MId=o100030120161|Strong=3027 26 ִ֣י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=2SA_3:12!16|MId=o100030120162|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 27-28 עִמָּ֔ךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 עִמּ עִם ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=[will|Ref=2SA_3:12!17|MId=o100030120171|Strong=5973 28 ָ֔ךְ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 17 parataxis _ Gloss=be].with.you|Ref=2SA_3:12!17|MId=o100030120172|Strong=3509c|Type=pronominal 29-30 לְהָסֵ֥ב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_3:12!18|MId=o100030120181|Strong=3807a 30 הָסֵ֥ב סָבַב VERB _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 28 advcl _ Gloss=bring.round|Ref=2SA_3:12!18|MId=o100030120182|Strong=5437|Frame=AA:100030120021;A0:100030120221;|Type=infinitive_construct 31-32 אֵלֶ֖יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 אֵלֶ֖י אֶל ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=2SA_3:12!19|MId=o100030120191|Strong=0413 32 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 30 obl _ Gloss=you|Ref=2SA_3:12!19|MId=o100030120192|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 33 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=2SA_3:12!20|MId=o100030120201|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 34 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=2SA_3:12!21|MId=o100030120211|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 35 יִשְׂרָאֵֽל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 34 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=2SA_3:12!22|MId=o100030120221|Strong=3478|SpaceAfter=No 36 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 35 punct _ Ref=2SA_3:12!22 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּשְׁלַח *he sent* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַבְנֵר *Abner* | מַלְאָכִים *messengers* | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | אַבְנֵר *Abner* | | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | אַבְנֵר *Abner* | | | | | כָּרְת *make* | imperative · qal | דָּוִד *David* | בְרִֽית *covenant* | | | | הָסֵב *bring round* | infinitive construct · hiphil | יִשְׂרָאֵֽל *Israel* | | | אַבְנֵר *Abner* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּשְׁלַח אַבְנֵר אִזְגַדִין לְוַת דָוִד מֵאַתְרֵיהּ לְמֵימָר מְקַיְמָנָא בְּמַן דַעֲבַד אַרְעָא לְמֵימַר גְזַר קַיָמָךְ עִמִי וְהָא יְדִי עִמָךְ לְאַסְחָרָא לְוָתָךְ יַת כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is the land?' saying also: 'Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring over all Israel unto thee.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.81/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:2SA:70`. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 3:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.11/) - next →: [2 Samuel 3:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.13/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/3/)