--- title: Ezekiel 28:18 — By the multitude of thine iniquities, in the unrighteousness of thy… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: By the multitude of thine iniquities, in the unrighteousness of thy traffic, thou hast profaned thy sanctuaries; therefore have I brought forth a fire from the midst of thee, it hath devoured thee, and I have turned thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee. Who acts: th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.28.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Ezekiel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK/) / [chapter 28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK/28/) / 28:18 # Ezekiel 28:18 יְחֶזְקֵאל **Who acts:** thou, I, fire · **What happens:** profane, bring, devour, turn, behold, sight · **To what, where:** sanctuaries, unrighteousness, fire, midst, thee, sight This is Ezekiel 28:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — thou, I, fire — and what happens in the verse to sanctuaries, unrighteousness, fire, midst, thee, sight, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 48 chapters of Ezekiel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. מֵרֹ֣ב עֲוֺנֶ֗יךָ בְּעֶ֙וֶל֙ רְכֻלָּ֣תְךָ֔ חִלַּ֖לְתָּ מִקְדָּשֶׁ֑יךָ וָֽאוֹצִא־אֵ֤שׁ מִתּֽוֹכְךָ֙ הִ֣יא אֲכָלַ֔תְךָ וָאֶתֶּנְךָ֤ לְאֵ֙פֶר֙ עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ לְעֵינֵ֖י כָּל־רֹאֶֽיךָ׃ [By the multitude of thine iniquities, in the unrighteousness of thy traffic, thou hast profaned thy sanctuaries; therefore have I brought forth a fire from the midst of thee, it hath devoured thee, and I have turned thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/EZK.741/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:EZK:710 # text = מֵרֹ֣ב עֲוֺנֶ֗יךָ בְּעֶ֙וֶל֙ רְכֻלָּ֣תְךָ֔ חִלַּ֖לְתָּ מִקְדָּשֶׁ֑יךָ וָֽאוֹצִא־אֵ֤שׁ מִתּֽוֹכְךָ֙ הִ֣יא אֲכָלַ֔תְךָ וָאֶתֶּנְךָ֤ לְאֵ֙פֶר֙ עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ לְעֵינֵ֖י כָּל־רֹאֶֽיךָ׃ # verse = EZK.28.18 1-2 מֵרֹ֣ב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 2 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=EZK_28:18!1|MId=o260280180011|Strong=4480 2 רֹ֣ב רֹב NOUN _ Number=Sing 9 obl _ Gloss=the.greatness|Ref=EZK_28:18!1|MId=o260280180012|Strong=7230 3-4 עֲוֺנֶ֗יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 עֲוֺנֶ֗י עָוֺן NOUN _ Number=Plur 2 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.iniquities|Ref=EZK_28:18!2|MId=o260280180021|Strong=5771 4 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 3 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=EZK_28:18!2|MId=o260280180022|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 5-6 בְּעֶ֙וֶל֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=EZK_28:18!3|MId=o260280180031|Strong=0871a 6 עֶ֙וֶל֙ עָוֶל NOUN _ Number=Sing 9 obl _ Gloss=the.unrighteousness|Ref=EZK_28:18!3|MId=o260280180032|Strong=5766 7-8 רְכֻלָּ֣תְךָ֔ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 רְכֻלָּ֣ת רְכֻלָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.trade|Ref=EZK_28:18!4|MId=o260280180041|Strong=7404 8 ְךָ֔ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=EZK_28:18!4|MId=o260280180042|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 9 חִלַּ֖לְתָּ חָלַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=you.profaned|Ref=EZK_28:18!5|MId=o260280180051|Strong=2490|Frame=A0:260280160111;A1:260280180061;|Type=qatal 10-11 מִקְדָּשֶׁ֑יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 מִקְדָּשֶׁ֑י מִקְדָּשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 obj _ Gloss=sanctuaries|Ref=EZK_28:18!6|MId=o260280180061|Strong=4720 11 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=EZK_28:18!6|MId=o260280180062|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 12-13 וָֽאוֹצִא־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 וָֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_28:18!7|MId=o260280180071|Strong=2050b 13 אוֹצִא־ יָצָא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=1 9 conj _ Gloss=I.brought.out|Ref=EZK_28:18!7|MId=o260280180072|Strong=3318|Frame=AA:260280120121;A0:260280180081;|Type=wayyiqtol 14 אֵ֤שׁ אֵשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 13 obj _ Gloss=fire|Ref=EZK_28:18!8|MId=o260280180081|Strong=0784 15-17 מִתּֽוֹכְךָ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=EZK_28:18!9|MId=o260280180091|Strong=4480 16 תּֽוֹכ תָּוֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 obl _ Gloss=the.midst|Ref=EZK_28:18!9|MId=o260280180092|Strong=8432 17 ְךָ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ Gloss=of.you|Ref=EZK_28:18!9|MId=o260280180093|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 18 הִ֣יא הִיא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 nsubj _ Gloss=it|Ref=EZK_28:18!10|MId=o260280180101|Strong=1931a|Type=personal 19-20 אֲכָלַ֔תְךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 אֲכָלַ֔ת אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 9 parataxis _ Gloss=it|Ref=EZK_28:18!11|MId=o260280180111|Strong=0398|Frame=A0:260280180101;A1:260280180112;|Type=qatal 20 ְךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 19 obj _ Gloss=consumed.you|Ref=EZK_28:18!11|MId=o260280180112|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 21-23 וָאֶתֶּנְךָ֤ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וָ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_28:18!12|MId=o260280180121|Strong=2050b 22 אֶתֶּנ נָתַן VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 9 conj _ Gloss=I|Ref=EZK_28:18!12|MId=o260280180122|Strong=5414|Frame=A0:260280120121;A1:260280180123;|Type=wayyiqtol 23 ְךָ֤ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 22 obj _ Gloss=made.you|Ref=EZK_28:18!12|MId=o260280180123|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 24-25 לְאֵ֙פֶר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=into|Ref=EZK_28:18!13|MId=o260280180131|Strong=3807a 25 אֵ֙פֶר֙ אֵפֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 obl _ Gloss=ash[es]|Ref=EZK_28:18!13|MId=o260280180132|Strong=0665 26 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=EZK_28:18!14|MId=o260280180141|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 27-28 הָאָ֔רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EZK_28:18!15|MId=o260280180151|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 אָ֔רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 22 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=EZK_28:18!15|MId=o260280180152|Strong=0776 29-30 לְעֵינֵ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=EZK_28:18!16|MId=o260280180161|Strong=3807a 30 עֵינֵ֖י עַיִן NOUN _ Number=Dual 22 obl _ Gloss=the.eyes|Ref=EZK_28:18!16|MId=o260280180162|Strong=5869 31 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.all|Ref=EZK_28:18!17|MId=o260280180171|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 32-33 רֹאֶֽיךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 רֹאֶֽי רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=[those|Ref=EZK_28:18!18|MId=o260280180181|Strong=7200|Frame=A1:260280180182;|Type=participle_active 33 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 32 nmod:poss _ Gloss=who].saw.you|Ref=EZK_28:18!18|MId=o260280180182|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 34 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 33 punct _ Ref=EZK_28:18!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | חִלַּלְתָּ *you profaned* | qatal · piel | | מִקְדָּשֶׁי *sanctuaries* | | | | אוֹצִא־ *I brought out* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | אֵשׁ *fire* | | | | | אֲכָלַת *it* | qatal · qal | הִיא *it* | ְךָ *consumed you* | | | | אֶתֶּנ *I* | wayyiqtol · qal | | ְךָ *made you* | | | | רֹאֶֽי *\[those* | participle active · qal | | ךָ *who\] saw you* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} מִסְגֵי חוֹבָךְ בִּשְׁקַר סְחוֹרְתָּךְ אָפֵיסְתָּא מַקְדְשָׁךְ וְאַיְתֵי עַמְמַיָא דְתַקִיפִין כְּאֶשְׁתָּא מֵחוֹבֵי זְדוֹנָךְ אִינוּן יְשֵׁיצוּנָךְ וְאֶתְּנִינָךְ כִּקְטַם עַל אַרְעָא לְעֵינֵי כָּל חָזָךְ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [By the multitude of thine iniquities, in the unrighteousness of thy traffic, thou hast profaned thy sanctuaries; therefore have I brought forth a fire from the midst of thee, it hath devoured thee, and I have turned thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/EZK.741/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:EZK:710`. - ← previous: [Ezekiel 28:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.28.17/) - next →: [Ezekiel 28:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.28.19/) - ↑ back to [Ezekiel 28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK/28/)