--- title: Ezekiel 31:12 — And strangers, the terrible of the nations, do cut him off, and cast… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And strangers, the terrible of the nations, do cut him off, and cast him down; upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs lie broken in all the channels of the land; and all the peoples of the earth do go down from his shadow, and do leave him. Who acts: strang --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.31.12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Ezekiel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK/31/) / 31:12 # Ezekiel 31:12 יְחֶזְקֵאל **Who acts:** strangers, boughs, peoples, God · **What happens:** cut off, cast down, fall, lie, break, go down · **To what, where:** God, branches, channels, shadow, land This is Ezekiel 31:12 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — strangers, boughs, peoples, God — and what happens in the verse to God, branches, channels, shadow, land, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 48 chapters of Ezekiel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּכְרְתֻ֧הוּ זָרִ֛ים עָרִיצֵ֥י גוֹיִ֖ם וַֽיִּטְּשֻׁ֑הוּ אֶל־הֶ֠הָרִים וּבְכָל־גֵּ֨אָי֜וֹת נָפְל֣וּ דָלִיּוֹתָ֗יו וַתִּשָּׁבַ֤רְנָה פֹֽארֹתָיו֙ בְּכֹל֙ אֲפִיקֵ֣י הָאָ֔רֶץ וַיֵּרְד֧וּ מִצִּלּ֛וֹ כָּל־עַמֵּ֥י הָאָ֖רֶץ וַֽיִּטְּשֻֽׁהוּ׃ [And strangers, the terrible of the nations, do cut him off, and cast him down; upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs lie broken in all the channels of the land; and all the peoples of the earth do go down from his shadow, and do leave him.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/EZK.808/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:EZK:777 # text = וַיִּכְרְתֻ֧הוּ זָרִ֛ים עָרִיצֵ֥י גוֹיִ֖ם וַֽיִּטְּשֻׁ֑הוּ אֶל־הֶ֠הָרִים וּבְכָל־גֵּ֨אָי֜וֹת נָפְל֣וּ דָלִיּוֹתָ֗יו וַתִּשָּׁבַ֤רְנָה פֹֽארֹתָיו֙ בְּכֹל֙ אֲפִיקֵ֣י הָאָ֔רֶץ וַיֵּרְד֧וּ מִצִּלּ֛וֹ כָּל־עַמֵּ֥י הָאָ֖רֶץ וַֽיִּטְּשֻֽׁהוּ׃ # verse = EZK.31.12 1-3 וַיִּכְרְתֻ֧הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_31:12!1|MId=o260310120011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּכְרְתֻ֧ כָּרַת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they|Ref=EZK_31:12!1|MId=o260310120012|Strong=3772|Frame=A1:260310120013;A0:260310120021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 obj _ Gloss=cut.it.down|Ref=EZK_31:12!1|MId=o260310120013|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 4 זָרִ֛ים זָר ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=strangers|Ref=EZK_31:12!2|MId=o260310120021|Strong=2114b|Type=adjective 5 עָרִיצֵ֥י עָרִיץ ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 appos _ Gloss=ruthless.[ones]|Ref=EZK_31:12!3|MId=o260310120031|Strong=6184|Type=adjective 6 גוֹיִ֖ם גּוֹי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.nations|Ref=EZK_31:12!4|MId=o260310120041|Strong=1471 7-9 וַֽיִּטְּשֻׁ֑הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_31:12!5|MId=o260310120051|Strong=2050b 8 יִּטְּשֻׁ֑ נָטַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they|Ref=EZK_31:12!5|MId=o260310120052|Strong=5203|Frame=A0:260310120021;A1:260310120053;|Type=wayyiqtol 9 הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 obj _ Gloss=abandoned.it|Ref=EZK_31:12!5|MId=o260310120053|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 10 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=EZK_31:12!6|MId=o260310120061|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 11-12 הֶ֠הָרִים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 הֶ֠ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 12 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EZK_31:12!7|MId=o260310120071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 הָרִים הַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 8 obl _ Gloss=mountains|Ref=EZK_31:12!7|MId=o260310120072|Strong=2022 13-15 וּבְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_31:12!8|MId=o260310120081|Strong=2050b 14 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=EZK_31:12!8|MId=o260310120082|Strong=0871a 15 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=EZK_31:12!8|MId=o260310120083|Strong=3605 16 גֵּ֨אָי֜וֹת גַּיְא NOUN _ Number=Plur 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=[the].valleys|Ref=EZK_31:12!9|MId=o260310120091|Strong=1516 17 נָפְל֣וּ נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.fell|Ref=EZK_31:12!10|MId=o260310120101|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:260310120111;|Type=qatal 18-19 דָלִיּוֹתָ֗יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 דָלִיּוֹתָ֗י דָּלִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 17 nsubj _ Gloss=branches|Ref=EZK_31:12!11|MId=o260310120111|Strong=1808 19 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=EZK_31:12!11|MId=o260310120112|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 20-21 וַתִּשָּׁבַ֤רְנָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_31:12!12|MId=o260310120121|Strong=2050b 21 תִּשָּׁבַ֤רְנָה שָׁבַר VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.were.broken|Ref=EZK_31:12!12|MId=o260310120122|Strong=7665|Frame=A1:260310120131;|Type=wayyiqtol 22-23 פֹֽארֹתָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 פֹֽארֹתָי פֹּארָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 21 nsubj _ Gloss=branches|Ref=EZK_31:12!13|MId=o260310120131|Strong=6288 23 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=EZK_31:12!13|MId=o260310120132|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 24-25 בְּכֹל֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=EZK_31:12!14|MId=o260310120141|Strong=0871a 25 כֹל֙ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=EZK_31:12!14|MId=o260310120142|Strong=3605 26 אֲפִיקֵ֣י אָפִיק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 25 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.ravines|Ref=EZK_31:12!15|MId=o260310120151|Strong=0650 27-28 הָאָ֔רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=EZK_31:12!16|MId=o260310120161|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 אָ֔רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.land|Ref=EZK_31:12!16|MId=o260310120162|Strong=0776 29-30 וַיֵּרְד֧וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_31:12!17|MId=o260310120171|Strong=2050b 30 יֵּרְד֧וּ יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.went.down|Ref=EZK_31:12!17|MId=o260310120172|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:260310120201;|Type=wayyiqtol 31-33 מִצִּלּ֛וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=EZK_31:12!18|MId=o260310120181|Strong=4480 32 צִּלּ צֵל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 obl _ Gloss=shade|Ref=EZK_31:12!18|MId=o260310120182|Strong=6738 33 ֛וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=EZK_31:12!18|MId=o260310120183|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 34 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=EZK_31:12!19|MId=o260310120191|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 35 עַמֵּ֥י עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 34 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.peoples|Ref=EZK_31:12!20|MId=o260310120201|Strong=5971 36-37 הָאָ֖רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 37 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=EZK_31:12!21|MId=o260310120211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 37 אָ֖רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 35 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.earth|Ref=EZK_31:12!21|MId=o260310120212|Strong=0776 38-40 וַֽיִּטְּשֻֽׁהוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 39 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EZK_31:12!22|MId=o260310120221|Strong=2050b 39 יִּטְּשֻֽׁ נָטַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they|Ref=EZK_31:12!22|MId=o260310120222|Strong=5203|Frame=A0:260310120201;A1:260310120223;|Type=wayyiqtol 40 הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 39 obj _ Gloss=abandoned.it|Ref=EZK_31:12!22|MId=o260310120223|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 41 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 40 punct _ Ref=EZK_31:12!22 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּכְרְתֻ *they* | wayyiqtol · qal | זָרִים *strangers* | הוּ *cut it down* | | | | יִּטְּשֻׁ *they* | wayyiqtol · qal | זָרִים *strangers* | הוּ *abandoned it* | | | | נָפְלוּ *they fell* | qatal · qal | דָלִיּוֹתָי *branches* | | | | | תִּשָּׁבַרְנָה *they were broken* | wayyiqtol · niphal | | פֹֽארֹתָי *branches* | | | | יֵּרְדוּ *they went down* | wayyiqtol · qal | עַמֵּי *the peoples* | | | | | יִּטְּשֻֽׁ *they* | wayyiqtol · qal | עַמֵּי *the peoples* | הוּ *abandoned it* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְשֵׁיצָיוֹהִי נוּכְרָאִין תַּקִיפֵי עַמְמַיָא וְרַטְשׁוּהִי עַל טוּרַיָא וּבְכָל חֵילַיָא נָפְלָא מַשִׁרְיָתֵיהּ וְאִתְבַּדָרוּ סוּמְכְוָתֵיהּ בְּכָל פַּצִידֵי אַרְעָא וּנְחָתוּ מִטְלַל מַלְכוּתֵיהּ כָּל עַמְמֵי אַרְעָא וְרַטְשׁוֹהִי: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And strangers, the terrible of the nations, do cut him off, and cast him down; upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs lie broken in all the channels of the land; and all the peoples of the earth do go down from his shadow, and do leave him.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/EZK.808/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:EZK:777`. - ← previous: [Ezekiel 31:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.31.11/) - next →: [Ezekiel 31:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.31.13/) - ↑ back to [Ezekiel 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK/31/)