--- title: Habakkuk 1:8 — Their horses also are swifter than leopards, and are more fierce tha… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Their horses also are swifter than leopards, and are more fierce than the wolves of the desert; and their horsemen spread themselves; yea, their horsemen come from far, they fly as a vulture that hasteth to devour. Who acts: horses, horsemen, places, vulture. Habakkuk 1:8 in Hebrew with its dependen --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HAB.1.8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Habakkuk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HAB/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HAB/1/) / 1:8 # Habakkuk 1:8 חֲבַקּוּק **Who acts:** horses, horsemen, places, vulture · **What happens:** be, spread, come, fly, haste, devour · **To what, where:** places This is Habakkuk 1:8 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — horses, horsemen, places, vulture — and what happens in the verse to places, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 3 chapters of Habakkuk on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְקַלּ֨וּ מִנְּמֵרִ֜ים סוּסָ֗יו וְחַדּוּ֙ מִזְּאֵ֣בֵי עֶ֔רֶב וּפָ֖שׁוּ פָּֽרָשָׁ֑יו וּפָֽרָשָׁיו֙ מֵרָח֣וֹק יָבֹ֔אוּ יָעֻ֕פוּ כְּנֶ֖שֶׁר חָ֥שׁ לֶאֱכֽוֹל׃ [Their horses also are swifter than leopards, and are more fierce than the wolves of the desert; and their horsemen spread themselves; yea, their horsemen come from far, they fly as a vulture that hasteth to devour.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HAB.9/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:HAB:7 # text = וְקַלּ֨וּ מִנְּמֵרִ֜ים סוּסָ֗יו וְחַדּוּ֙ מִזְּאֵ֣בֵי עֶ֔רֶב וּפָ֖שׁוּ פָּֽרָשָׁ֑יו וּפָֽרָשָׁיו֙ מֵרָח֣וֹק יָבֹ֔אוּ יָעֻ֕פוּ כְּנֶ֖שֶׁר חָ֥שׁ לֶאֱכֽוֹל׃ # verse = HAB.1.8 1-2 וְקַלּ֨וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=HAB_1:8!1|MId=o350010080011|Strong=2050b 2 קַלּ֨וּ קָלַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.are.swift|Ref=HAB_1:8!1|MId=o350010080012|Strong=7043|Frame=A0:350010080031;|Type=qatal 3-4 מִנְּמֵרִ֜ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=more|Ref=HAB_1:8!2|MId=o350010080021|Strong=4480 4 נְּמֵרִ֜ים נָמֵר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=than.leopards|Ref=HAB_1:8!2|MId=o350010080022|Strong=5246 5-6 סוּסָ֗יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 סוּסָ֗י סוּס NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=horses|Ref=HAB_1:8!3|MId=o350010080031|Strong=5483 6 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=HAB_1:8!3|MId=o350010080032|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 7-8 וְחַדּוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=HAB_1:8!4|MId=o350010080041|Strong=2050b 8 חַדּוּ֙ חָדַד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.are.keen|Ref=HAB_1:8!4|MId=o350010080042|Strong=2300|Frame=A0:350010080031;|Type=qatal 9-10 מִזְּאֵ֣בֵי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=more|Ref=HAB_1:8!5|MId=o350010080051|Strong=4480 10 זְּאֵ֣בֵי זְאֵב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 8 obl _ Gloss=than.wolves|Ref=HAB_1:8!5|MId=o350010080052|Strong=2061 11 עֶ֔רֶב עֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.[the].evening|Ref=HAB_1:8!6|MId=o350010080061|Strong=6153 12-13 וּפָ֖שׁוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=HAB_1:8!7|MId=o350010080071|Strong=2050b 13 פָ֖שׁוּ פּוּשׁ VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.paw.the.ground|Ref=HAB_1:8!7|MId=o350010080072|Strong=6335|Frame=A0:350010080081;|Type=qatal 14-15 פָּֽרָשָׁ֑יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 פָּֽרָשָׁ֑י פָּרָשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ Gloss=warhorses|Ref=HAB_1:8!8|MId=o350010080081|Strong=6571 15 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=HAB_1:8!8|MId=o350010080082|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 16-18 וּפָֽרָשָׁיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=HAB_1:8!9|MId=o350010080091|Strong=2050b 17 פָֽרָשָׁי פָּרָשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 21 nsubj _ Gloss=horsemen|Ref=HAB_1:8!9|MId=o350010080092|Strong=6571 18 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=HAB_1:8!9|MId=o350010080093|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 19-20 מֵרָח֣וֹק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=HAB_1:8!10|MId=o350010080101|Strong=4480 20 רָח֣וֹק רָחֹוק ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 obl _ Gloss=a.distance|Ref=HAB_1:8!10|MId=o350010080102|Strong=7350|Type=adjective 21 יָבֹ֔אוּ בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.come|Ref=HAB_1:8!11|MId=o350010080111|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:350010080092;|Type=yiqtol 22 יָעֻ֕פוּ עוּף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=they.fly|Ref=HAB_1:8!12|MId=o350010080121|Strong=5774|Frame=A0:350010080092;|Type=yiqtol 23-24 כְּנֶ֖שֶׁר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 כְּ כְּ ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=HAB_1:8!13|MId=o350010080131|Strong=3509a 24 נֶ֖שֶׁר נֶשֶׁר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 obl _ Gloss=an.eagle|Ref=HAB_1:8!13|MId=o350010080132|Strong=5404 25 חָ֥שׁ חוּשׁ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 24 acl:relcl _ Gloss=[which].makes.haste|Ref=HAB_1:8!14|MId=o350010080141|Strong=2363|Frame=A0:350010080132;|Type=participle_active 26-27 לֶאֱכֽוֹל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 לֶ לְ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=HAB_1:8!15|MId=o350010080151|Strong=3807a 27 אֱכֽוֹל אָכַל VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 25 advcl _ Gloss=devour|Ref=HAB_1:8!15|MId=o350010080152|Strong=0398|Frame=A0:350010080132;|Type=infinitive_construct 28 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 27 punct _ Ref=HAB_1:8!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | קַלּוּ *they are swift* | qatal · qal | סוּסָי *horses* | | | | | חַדּוּ *they are keen* | qatal · qal | סוּסָי *horses* | | | | | פָשׁוּ *they paw the ground* | qatal · qal | פָּֽרָשָׁי *warhorses* | | | | | יָבֹאוּ *they come* | yiqtol · qal | פָֽרָשָׁי *horsemen* | | | | | יָעֻפוּ *they fly* | yiqtol · qal | פָֽרָשָׁי *horsemen* | | | | | חָשׁ *\[which\] makes haste* | participle active · qal | נֶשֶׁר *an eagle* | | | | | אֱכֽוֹל *devour* | infinitive construct · qal | נֶשֶׁר *an eagle* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְקַלִילִין מִנְמָרַיָא סוּסְוָתֵיהּ וַחֲרִיפִין מִדֵיבֵי רַמְשָׁא וְיִרְבוּן פָּרָשׁוֹהִי וּפָרָשׁוֹהִי מֵרָחִיק דְיֵיתוּן מִשְׁתְּדָן כְּנִשְׁרָא דְטָאֵיס לְמֵיכַל: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Their horses also are swifter than leopards, and are more fierce than the wolves of the desert; and their horsemen spread themselves; yea, their horsemen come from far, they fly as a vulture that hasteth to devour.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HAB.9/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:HAB:7`. - ← previous: [Habakkuk 1:7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HAB.1.7/) - next →: [Habakkuk 1:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HAB.1.9/) - ↑ back to [Habakkuk 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HAB/1/)