--- title: Hosea 10:4 — They speak words, they swear falsely, they make covenants; thus judg… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: They speak words, they swear falsely, they make covenants; thus judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field. Who acts: pillars, judgment. Hosea 10:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.10.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Hosea](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS/) / [chapter 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS/10/) / 10:4 # Hosea 10:4 הוֹשֵׁעַ **Who acts:** pillars, judgment · **What happens:** speak, swear, make, spring up · **To what, where:** words, covenants, furrows · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Hosea 10:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — pillars, judgment — and what happens in the verse to words, covenants, furrows, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 14 chapters of Hosea on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. דִּבְּר֣וּ דְבָרִ֔ים אָל֥וֹת שָׁ֖וְא כָּרֹ֣ת בְּרִ֑ית וּפָרַ֤ח כָּרֹאשׁ֙ מִשְׁפָּ֔ט עַ֖ל תַּלְמֵ֥י שָׂדָֽי׃ [They speak words, they swear falsely, they make covenants; thus judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HOS.141/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:HOS:134 # text = דִּבְּר֣וּ דְבָרִ֔ים אָל֥וֹת שָׁ֖וְא כָּרֹ֣ת בְּרִ֑ית וּפָרַ֤ח כָּרֹאשׁ֙ מִשְׁפָּ֔ט עַ֖ל תַּלְמֵ֥י שָׂדָֽי׃ # verse = HOS.10.4 1 דִּבְּר֣וּ דָבַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.have.spoken|Ref=HOS_10:4!1|MId=o280100040011|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:280100010031;A1:280100040021;|Type=qatal 2 דְבָרִ֔ים דָּבָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 obj _ Gloss=words|Ref=HOS_10:4!2|MId=o280100040021|Strong=1697 3 אָל֥וֹת אָלָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 1 ccomp _ Gloss=they.have.sworn.an.oath|Ref=HOS_10:4!3|MId=o280100040031|Strong=0422|Frame=A0:280100010031;A1:280100040041;|Type=infinitive_absolute 4 שָׁ֖וְא שָׁוְא NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obj _ Gloss=falsehood|Ref=HOS_10:4!4|MId=o280100040041|Strong=7723 5 כָּרֹ֣ת כָּרַת VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 3 parataxis _ Gloss=they.have.made|Ref=HOS_10:4!5|MId=o280100040051|Strong=3772|Frame=A0:280100010031;A1:280100040061;|Type=infinitive_absolute 6 בְּרִ֑ית בְּרִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 obj _ Gloss=a.covenant|Ref=HOS_10:4!6|MId=o280100040061|Strong=1285 7-8 וּפָרַ֤ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=HOS_10:4!7|MId=o280100040071|Strong=2050b 8 פָרַ֤ח פָּרַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=it.sprouts.up|Ref=HOS_10:4!7|MId=o280100040072|Strong=6524|Frame=A0:280100040091;|Type=weqatal 9-11 כָּרֹאשׁ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 כָּ כְּ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=like.(the)|Ref=HOS_10:4!8|MId=o280100040081|Strong=3509a 10 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 11 det _ Gloss=poisonous|Ref=HOS_10:4!8|MId=o280100040081ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 11 רֹאשׁ֙ רֹאשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obl _ Gloss=plant|Ref=HOS_10:4!8|MId=o280100040082|Strong=7219 12 מִשְׁפָּ֔ט מִשְׁפָּט NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ Gloss=justice|Ref=HOS_10:4!9|MId=o280100040091|Strong=4941 13 עַ֖ל עַל ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=HOS_10:4!10|MId=o280100040101|Strong=5921 14 תַּלְמֵ֥י תֶּלֶם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 8 obl _ Gloss=[the].furrows|Ref=HOS_10:4!11|MId=o280100040111|Strong=8525 15 שָׂדָֽי שָׂדַי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 14 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.a.field|Ref=HOS_10:4!12|MId=o280100040121|Strong=7704a|SpaceAfter=No 16 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 15 punct _ Ref=HOS_10:4!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | דִּבְּרוּ *they have spoken* | qatal · piel | | דְבָרִים *words* | | | | אָלוֹת *they have sworn an oath* | infinitive absolute · qal | | שָׁוְא *falsehood* | | | | כָּרֹת *they have made* | infinitive absolute · qal | | בְּרִית *a covenant* | | | | פָרַח *it sprouts up* | weqatal · qal | מִשְׁפָּט *justice* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} מְמַלְלִין מִלִין דְאוֹנֶס יֵימָן לִשְׁקַר לִלְמָא גָזְרִין קְיַם כְּעַן אַיְתֵי עֲלֵיהוֹן כְּרֵישֵׁי חִוְיָן בִּישִׁין דִין שִׁקְרֵיהוֹן עַל תְּחוּמֵי חַקְלָן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [They speak words, they swear falsely, they make covenants; thus judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HOS.141/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:HOS:134`. - ← previous: [Hosea 10:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.10.3/) - next →: [Hosea 10:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.10.5/) - ↑ back to [Hosea 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS/10/)