--- title: Hosea 13:2 — And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of their silver, according to their own understanding, even idols, all of them the work of the craftsmen; of them they say: 'They that sacrifice men kiss calves.' Who acts: they, images, craftsmen. Hosea 13:2 in Hebrew with its depende --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.13.2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Hosea](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS/) / [chapter 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS/13/) / 13:2 # Hosea 13:2 הוֹשֵׁעַ **Who acts:** they, images, craftsmen · **What happens:** sin, make, accord, say, sacrifice, kiss · **To what, where:** molten images, them, men, calves, silver · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Hosea 13:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — they, images, craftsmen — and what happens in the verse to molten images, them, men, calves, silver, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 14 chapters of Hosea on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְעַתָּ֣ה ׀ יוֹסִ֣פוּ לַחֲטֹ֗א וַיַּעְשׂ֣וּ לָהֶם֩ מַסֵּכָ֨ה מִכַּסְפָּ֤ם כִּתְבוּנָם֙ עֲצַבִּ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה חָרָשִׁ֖ים כֻּלֹּ֑ה לָהֶם֙ הֵ֣ם אֹמְרִ֔ים זֹבְחֵ֣י אָדָ֔ם עֲגָלִ֖ים יִשָּׁקֽוּן׃ [And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of their silver, according to their own understanding, even idols, all of them the work of the craftsmen; of them they say: 'They that sacrifice men kiss calves.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HOS.186/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:HOS:173 # text = וְעַתָּ֣ה ׀ יוֹסִ֣פוּ לַחֲטֹ֗א וַיַּעְשׂ֣וּ לָהֶם֩ מַסֵּכָ֨ה מִכַּסְפָּ֤ם כִּתְבוּנָם֙ עֲצַבִּ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה חָרָשִׁ֖ים כֻּלֹּ֑ה לָהֶם֙ הֵ֣ם אֹמְרִ֔ים זֹבְחֵ֣י אָדָ֔ם עֲגָלִ֖ים יִשָּׁקֽוּן׃ # verse = HOS.13.2 1-2 וְעַתָּ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=HOS_13:2!1|MId=o280130020011|Strong=2050b 2 עַתָּ֣ה עַתָּה ADV _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=now|Ref=HOS_13:2!1|MId=o280130020012|Strong=6258 3 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Ref=HOS_13:2!1 4 יוֹסִ֣פוּ יָסַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=they.increase|Ref=HOS_13:2!2|MId=o280130020021|Strong=3254|Frame=A0:280130010021;|Type=yiqtol 5-6 לַחֲטֹ֗א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 לַ לְ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=HOS_13:2!3|MId=o280130020031|Strong=3807a 6 חֲטֹ֗א חָטָא VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 4 xcomp _ Gloss=sin|Ref=HOS_13:2!3|MId=o280130020032|Strong=2398|Frame=A0:280130010021;|Type=infinitive_construct 7-8 וַיַּעְשׂ֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=HOS_13:2!4|MId=o280130020041|Strong=2050b 8 יַּעְשׂ֣וּ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.have.made|Ref=HOS_13:2!4|MId=o280130020042|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:280130010021;A1:280130020061;|Type=wayyiqtol 9-10 לָהֶם֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 ל לְ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=HOS_13:2!5|MId=o280130020051|Strong=3807a 10 ָהֶם֩ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 obl _ Gloss=themselves|Ref=HOS_13:2!5|MId=o280130020052|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 11 מַסֵּכָ֨ה מַסֵּכָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 obj _ Gloss=a.molten.image|Ref=HOS_13:2!6|MId=o280130020061|Strong=4541 12-14 מִכַּסְפָּ֤ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=HOS_13:2!7|MId=o280130020071|Strong=4480 13 כַּסְפּ כֶּסֶף NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obl _ Gloss=silver|Ref=HOS_13:2!7|MId=o280130020072|Strong=3701 14 ָ֤ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=HOS_13:2!7|MId=o280130020073|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 15-17 כִּתְבוּנָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 כִּ כְּ ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=according|Ref=HOS_13:2!8|MId=o280130020081|Strong=3509a 16 תְבוּנ תְּבוּנָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 parataxis _ Gloss=to|Ref=HOS_13:2!8|MId=o280130020082|Strong=8394 17 ָם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their.skill|Ref=HOS_13:2!8|MId=o280130020083|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 18 עֲצַבִּ֔ים עָצָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 16 obj _ Gloss=idols|Ref=HOS_13:2!9|MId=o280130020091|Strong=6091 19 מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה מַעֲשֶׂה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 parataxis _ Gloss=[is.the].work|Ref=HOS_13:2!10|MId=o280130020101|Strong=4639 20 חָרָשִׁ֖ים חָרָשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 19 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.craftsmen|Ref=HOS_13:2!11|MId=o280130020111|Strong=2796 21-22 כֻּלֹּ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 כֻּלּ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ Gloss=of.it|Ref=HOS_13:2!12|MId=o280130020121|Strong=3605 22 ֹ֑ה הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nmod:poss _ Gloss=all|Ref=HOS_13:2!12|MId=o280130020122|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 23-24 לָהֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 ל לְ ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=of|Ref=HOS_13:2!13|MId=o280130020131|Strong=3807a 24 ָהֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=HOS_13:2!13|MId=o280130020132|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 25 הֵ֣ם הֵם PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 nsubj _ Gloss=they|Ref=HOS_13:2!14|MId=o280130020141|Strong=1992|Type=personal 26 אֹמְרִ֔ים אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 2 parataxis _ Gloss=[are].saying|Ref=HOS_13:2!15|MId=o280130020151|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:280130020141;|Type=participle_active 27 זֹבְחֵ֣י זָבַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 30 nsubj _ Gloss=[those.who].offer.sacrifice|Ref=HOS_13:2!16|MId=o280130020161|Strong=2076|Type=participle_active 28 אָדָ֔ם אָדָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 27 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.humankind|Ref=HOS_13:2!17|MId=o280130020171|Strong=0120 29 עֲגָלִ֖ים עֵגֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 30 obj _ Gloss=calves|Ref=HOS_13:2!18|MId=o280130020181|Strong=5695 30-31 יִשָּׁקֽוּן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 יִשָּׁקֽוּ נָשַׁק VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 26 ccomp _ Gloss=they|Ref=HOS_13:2!19|MId=o280130020191|Strong=5401|Frame=A0:280130020161;A1:280130020181;|Type=yiqtol 31 ן נ X _ _ 30 nmod _ Gloss=kiss|Ref=HOS_13:2!19|MId=o280130020192|Strong=4993b|Type=paragogic_nun 32 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 31 punct _ Ref=HOS_13:2!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יוֹסִפוּ *they increase* | yiqtol · hiphil | | | | | | חֲטֹא *sin* | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | יַּעְשׂוּ *they have made* | wayyiqtol · qal | | מַסֵּכָה *a molten image* | | | | אֹמְרִים *\[are\] saying* | participle active · qal | הֵם *they* | | | | | יִשָּׁקֽוּ *they* | yiqtol · qal | זֹבְחֵי *\[those who\] offer sacrifice* | עֲגָלִים *calves* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּכְעַן מוֹסִיפִין לְמֶחֱטֵי וַעֲבָדוּ לְהוֹן מַתְּכָא מִכַּסְפְּהוֹן כִּדְמוּתְהוֹן צַלְמָנִין עוֹבֵד אוּמָנִין כּוּלְהוֹן לְהוֹן אִינוּן מַטְעָן נְבִיֵי שִׁקְרָא דָבְחִין לְעוֹבַד יְדֵי אֱנָשָׁא תּוֹרַיָא לְעֶגְלַיָא נָכְסִין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of their silver, according to their own understanding, even idols, all of them the work of the craftsmen; of them they say: 'They that sacrifice men kiss calves.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HOS.186/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:HOS:173`. - ← previous: [Hosea 13:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.13.1/) - next →: [Hosea 13:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.13.3/) - ↑ back to [Hosea 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS/13/)