--- title: Isaiah 1:18 — Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD; though your si… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD; though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. Who acts: you, us, LORD, sins. Isaiah 1:18 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.1.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/1/) / 1:18 # Isaiah 1:18 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **Who acts:** you, us, LORD, sins · **What happens:** come, let, reason, say, be · **To what, where:** us · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Isaiah 1:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — you, us, LORD, sins — and what happens in the verse to us, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. לְכוּ־נָ֛א וְנִוָּֽכְחָ֖ה יֹאמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה אִם־יִֽהְי֨וּ חֲטָאֵיכֶ֤ם כַּשָּׁנִים֙ כַּשֶּׁ֣לֶג יַלְבִּ֔ינוּ אִם־יַאְדִּ֥ימוּ כַתּוֹלָ֖ע כַּצֶּ֥מֶר יִהְיֽוּ׃ [Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD; though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.18/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:17 # text = לְכוּ־נָ֛א וְנִוָּֽכְחָ֖ה יֹאמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה אִם־יִֽהְי֨וּ חֲטָאֵיכֶ֤ם כַּשָּׁנִים֙ כַּשֶּׁ֣לֶג יַלְבִּ֔ינוּ אִם־יַאְדִּ֥ימוּ כַתּוֹלָ֖ע כַּצֶּ֥מֶר יִהְיֽוּ׃ # verse = ISA.1.18 1 לְכוּ־ הלך VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=come|Ref=ISA_1:18!1|MId=o230010180011|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:230010100041;230010100091;|Type=imperative|SpaceAfter=No 2 נָ֛א נָא INTJ _ _ 1 discourse _ Gloss=please|Ref=ISA_1:18!2|MId=o230010180021|Strong=4994|Type=exhortation 3-4 וְנִוָּֽכְחָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_1:18!3|MId=o230010180031|Strong=2050b 4 נִוָּֽכְחָ֖ה יָכַח VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 1 conj _ Gloss=let.us.argue.our.case.together|Ref=ISA_1:18!3|MId=o230010180032|Strong=3198|Frame=A0:230010100041;230010100091;230010180051;|Type=cohortative 5 יֹאמַ֣ר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=he.says|Ref=ISA_1:18!4|MId=o230010180041|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:230010180051;|Type=yiqtol 6 יְהוָ֑ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 5 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=ISA_1:18!5|MId=o230010180051|Strong=3068 7 אִם־ אִם SCONJ _ _ 13 mark _ Gloss=though|Ref=ISA_1:18!6|MId=o230010180061|Strong=0518|SpaceAfter=No 8 יִֽהְי֨וּ הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 13 cop _ Gloss=they.are|Ref=ISA_1:18!7|MId=o230010180071|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:230010180081;|Type=yiqtol 9-10 חֲטָאֵיכֶ֤ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 חֲטָאֵי חֵטְא NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ Gloss=sins|Ref=ISA_1:18!8|MId=o230010180081|Strong=2399 10 כֶ֤ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=ISA_1:18!8|MId=o230010180082|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 11-13 כַּשָּׁנִים֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=ISA_1:18!9|MId=o230010180091|Strong=3509a 12 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_1:18!9|MId=o230010180091ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 שָּׁנִים֙ שָׁנִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 17 advcl _ Gloss=scarlet|Ref=ISA_1:18!9|MId=o230010180092|Strong=8144 14-16 כַּשֶּׁ֣לֶג _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=ISA_1:18!10|MId=o230010180101|Strong=3509a 15 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 16 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_1:18!10|MId=o230010180101ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 16 שֶּׁ֣לֶג שֶׁלֶג NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 obl _ Gloss=snow|Ref=ISA_1:18!10|MId=o230010180102|Strong=7950 17 יַלְבִּ֔ינוּ לָבֵן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 5 ccomp _ Gloss=they.will.become.white|Ref=ISA_1:18!11|MId=o230010180111|Strong=3835|Frame=A0:230010180081;|Type=yiqtol 18 אִם־ אִם SCONJ _ _ 19 mark _ Gloss=though|Ref=ISA_1:18!12|MId=o230010180121|Strong=0518|SpaceAfter=No 19 יַאְדִּ֥ימוּ אָדֹם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 25 advcl _ Gloss=they.are.red|Ref=ISA_1:18!13|MId=o230010180131|Strong=0119|Frame=A0:230010180081;|Type=yiqtol 20-22 כַתּוֹלָ֖ע _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 כַ כְּ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=ISA_1:18!14|MId=o230010180141|Strong=3509a 21 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_1:18!14|MId=o230010180141ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 תּוֹלָ֖ע תּוֹלָע NOUN _ Number=Sing 19 obl _ Gloss=crimson|Ref=ISA_1:18!14|MId=o230010180142|Strong=8438b 23-25 כַּצֶּ֥מֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=ISA_1:18!15|MId=o230010180151|Strong=3509a 24 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 25 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_1:18!15|MId=o230010180151ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 25 צֶּ֥מֶר צֶמֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 parataxis _ Gloss=wool|Ref=ISA_1:18!15|MId=o230010180152|Strong=6785 26 יִהְיֽוּ הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 25 cop _ Gloss=they.will.be|Ref=ISA_1:18!16|MId=o230010180161|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:230010180081;|Type=yiqtol|SpaceAfter=No 27 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 26 punct _ Ref=ISA_1:18!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | לְכוּ־ *come* | imperative · qal | | | | | | נִוָּֽכְחָה *let us argue our case together* | cohortative · niphal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | יֹאמַר *he says* | yiqtol · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | יִֽהְיוּ *they are* | yiqtol · qal | חֲטָאֵי *sins* | | | | | יַלְבִּינוּ *they will become white* | yiqtol · hiphil | חֲטָאֵי *sins* | | | | | יַאְדִּימוּ *they are red* | yiqtol · hiphil | חֲטָאֵי *sins* | | | | | יִהְיֽוּ *they will be* | yiqtol · qal | חֲטָאֵי *sins* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} בְּכֵן כַּד תְּתוּבוּן לְאוֹרַיְתָא תִּבְעוּן מִן קֳדָמַי וְאַעְבֵּיד בָּעוּתְכוֹן אֲמַר יְיָ אִם יְהוֹן חוֹבֵיכוֹן כְּתִימִין כְּצִבְעוֹנִין כְּתַלְגָא יֶחֱוָרוּן אִם יִסְמְקוּן כְּזָהֳרֵיתָא כַּעֲמַר נְקֵי יְהוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD; though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.18/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:17`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 1:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.1.17/) - next →: [Isaiah 1:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.1.19/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/1/)