--- title: Isaiah 28:15 — Because ye have said: 'We have made a covenant with death, and with… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Because ye have said: 'We have made a covenant with death, and with the nether-world are we at agreement; when the scouring scourge shall pass through, it shall not come unto us; for we have made lies our refuge, and in falsehood have we hid ourselves'; Who acts: ye, We, scouring scourge, scourge. I --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.28.15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/28/) / 28:15 # Isaiah 28:15 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **Who acts:** ye, We, scouring scourge, scourge · **What happens:** say, make, be, pass through, not come, hide · **To what, where:** covenant, agreement, lies, ourselves, falsehood · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Isaiah 28:15 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — ye, We, scouring scourge, scourge — and what happens in the verse to covenant, agreement, lies, ourselves, falsehood, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כִּ֣י אֲמַרְתֶּ֗ם כָּרַ֤תְנֽוּ בְרִית֙ אֶת־מָ֔וֶת וְעִם־שְׁא֖וֹל עָשִׂ֣ינוּ חֹזֶ֑ה שׁ֣וֹט שׁוֹטֵ֤ף כִּֽי־יַֽעֲבֹר֙ לֹ֣א יְבוֹאֵ֔נוּ כִּ֣י שַׂ֧מְנוּ כָזָ֛ב מַחְסֵ֖נוּ וּבַשֶּׁ֥קֶר נִסְתָּֽרְנוּ׃ס [Because ye have said: 'We have made a covenant with death, and with the nether-world are we at agreement; when the scouring scourge shall pass through, it shall not come unto us; for we have made lies our refuge, and in falsehood have we hid ourselves';](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.575/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:524 # text = כִּ֣י אֲמַרְתֶּ֗ם כָּרַ֤תְנֽוּ בְרִית֙ אֶת־מָ֔וֶת וְעִם־שְׁא֖וֹל עָשִׂ֣ינוּ חֹזֶ֑ה שׁ֣וֹט שׁוֹטֵ֤ף כִּֽי־יַֽעֲבֹר֙ לֹ֣א יְבוֹאֵ֔נוּ כִּ֣י שַׂ֧מְנוּ כָזָ֛ב מַחְסֵ֖נוּ וּבַשֶּׁ֥קֶר נִסְתָּֽרְנוּ׃ס # verse = ISA.28.15 1 כִּ֣י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 2 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=ISA_28:15!1|MId=o230280150011|Strong=3588 2 אֲמַרְתֶּ֗ם אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=you.have.said|Ref=ISA_28:15!2|MId=o230280150021|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:230280140051;|Type=qatal 3 כָּרַ֤תְנֽוּ כָּרַת VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 2 ccomp _ Gloss=we.have.made|Ref=ISA_28:15!3|MId=o230280150031|Strong=3772|Frame=A0:230280140051;A1:230280150041;|Type=qatal 4 בְרִית֙ בְּרִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 obj _ Gloss=a.covenant|Ref=ISA_28:15!4|MId=o230280150041|Strong=1285 5 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=ISA_28:15!5|MId=o230280150051|Strong=0854|SpaceAfter=No 6 מָ֔וֶת מָוֶת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=death|Ref=ISA_28:15!6|MId=o230280150061|Strong=4194 7-8 וְעִם־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_28:15!7|MId=o230280150071|Strong=2050b 8 עִם־ עִם ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=ISA_28:15!7|MId=o230280150072|Strong=5973 9 שְׁא֖וֹל שְׁאוֹל PROPN _ _ 10 obl _ Gloss=Sheol|Ref=ISA_28:15!8|MId=o230280150081|Strong=7585 10 עָשִׂ֣ינוּ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 3 conj _ Gloss=we.have.made|Ref=ISA_28:15!9|MId=o230280150091|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:230280140051;A1:230280150101;|Type=qatal 11 חֹזֶ֑ה חֹזֶה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 obj _ Gloss=an.agreement|Ref=ISA_28:15!10|MId=o230280150101|Strong=2374a 12 שׁ֣וֹט שׁוֹט NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 dislocated _ Gloss=a.scourge|Ref=ISA_28:15!12|MId=o230280150121|Strong=7752 13 שׁוֹטֵ֤ף שָׁטַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 12 nmod _ Gloss=overflowing|Ref=ISA_28:15!13|MId=o230280150131|Strong=7857|Frame=A0:230280150121;|Type=participle_active 14 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 15 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=ISA_28:15!14|MId=o230280150141|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 15 יַֽעֲבֹר֙ עָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 17 advcl _ Gloss=it.will.pass.by|Ref=ISA_28:15!16|MId=o230280150161|Strong=5674|Frame=A0:230280150121;|Type=yiqtol 16 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 17 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=ISA_28:15!17|MId=o230280150171|Strong=3808|Type=negative 17-18 יְבוֹאֵ֔נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 יְבוֹא בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 parataxis _ Gloss=it|Ref=ISA_28:15!18|MId=o230280150181|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:230280150121;|Type=yiqtol 18 ֵ֔נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 advmod _ Gloss=will.come.to.us|Ref=ISA_28:15!18|MId=o230280150182|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 19 כִּ֣י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 20 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=ISA_28:15!19|MId=o230280150191|Strong=3588 20 שַׂ֧מְנוּ שׂים VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 3 advcl _ Gloss=we.have.made|Ref=ISA_28:15!20|MId=o230280150201|Strong=7760|Frame=A0:230280140051;A1:230280150211;|Type=qatal 21 כָזָ֛ב כָּזָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 obj _ Gloss=falsehood|Ref=ISA_28:15!21|MId=o230280150211|Strong=3577 22-23 מַחְסֵ֖נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 מַחְס מַחְסֶּה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 xcomp _ Gloss=refuge|Ref=ISA_28:15!22|MId=o230280150221|Strong=4268 23 ֵ֖נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=ISA_28:15!22|MId=o230280150222|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 24-27 וּבַשֶּׁ֥קֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 28 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_28:15!23|MId=o230280150231|Strong=2050b 25 בַ בְּ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=ISA_28:15!23|MId=o230280150232|Strong=0871a 26 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 27 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_28:15!23|MId=o230280150232ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 27 שֶּׁ֥קֶר שֶׁקֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 obl _ Gloss=deception|Ref=ISA_28:15!23|MId=o230280150233|Strong=8267 28 נִסְתָּֽרְנוּ סָתַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 3 conj _ Gloss=we.have.hidden.ourselves|Ref=ISA_28:15!24|MId=o230280150241|Strong=5641|Frame=A0:230280140051;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 29 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 28 punct _ Ref=ISA_28:15!24|SpaceAfter=No 30 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 28 punct _ Ref=ISA_28:15!24 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | אֲמַרְתֶּם *you have said* | qatal · qal | | | | | | כָּרַתְנֽוּ *we have made* | qatal · qal | | בְרִית *a covenant* | | | | עָשִׂינוּ *we have made* | qatal · qal | | חֹזֶה *an agreement* | | | | שׁוֹטֵף *overflowing* | participle active · qal | שׁוֹט *a scourge* | | | | | יַֽעֲבֹר *it will pass by* | yiqtol · qal | שׁוֹט *a scourge* | | | | | **not** יְבוֹא *it* | yiqtol · qal | שׁוֹט *a scourge* | | | | | שַׂמְנוּ *we have made* | qatal · qal | | כָזָב *falsehood* | | | | נִסְתָּֽרְנוּ *we have hidden ourselves* | qatal · niphal | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} אֲרֵי אֲמַרְתּוּן גְזַרְנָא קְיָם עִם קְטוֹלָא וְעִם מַחְבְּלָא עֲבַדְנָא שְׁלָמָא מְחַת סַנְאָה אֲרֵי תֵיתֵי עֲלֵיכוֹן כְּנַחַל מַגְבַּר דְאַתּוּן אָמְרִין לָא תֵיתֵי עֲלָנָא אֲרֵי שַׁוֵינָא בִּכְדִיב רָחֲצָנָנָא וּבְגִין שִׁקְרִין אִטַמַרְנָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Because ye have said: 'We have made a covenant with death, and with the nether-world are we at agreement; when the scouring scourge shall pass through, it shall not come unto us; for we have made lies our refuge, and in falsehood have we hid ourselves';](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.575/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:524`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 28:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.28.14/) - next →: [Isaiah 28:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.28.16/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/28/)