--- title: Isaiah 31:1 — Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many, and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD! Who acts: Woe, chariots. Isaiah 31:1 in Hebrew with its dependency t --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.31.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/31/) / 31:1 # Isaiah 31:1 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **Who acts:** Woe, chariots · **What happens:** go down, rely, trust, be, not look, seek · **To what, where:** Egypt, chariots, LORD This is Isaiah 31:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Woe, chariots — and what happens in the verse to Egypt, chariots, LORD, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. ה֣וֹי הַיֹּרְדִ֤ים מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לְעֶזְרָ֔ה עַל־סוּסִ֖ים יִשָּׁעֵ֑נוּ וַיִּבְטְח֨וּ עַל־רֶ֜כֶב כִּ֣י רָ֗ב וְעַ֤ל פָּֽרָשִׁים֙ כִּֽי־עָצְמ֣וּ מְאֹ֔ד וְלֹ֤א שָׁעוּ֙ עַל־קְד֣וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־יְהוָ֖ה לֹ֥א דָרָֽשׁוּ׃ [Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many, and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD!](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.652/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:596 # text = ה֣וֹי הַיֹּרְדִ֤ים מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לְעֶזְרָ֔ה עַל־סוּסִ֖ים יִשָּׁעֵ֑נוּ וַיִּבְטְח֨וּ עַל־רֶ֜כֶב כִּ֣י רָ֗ב וְעַ֤ל פָּֽרָשִׁים֙ כִּֽי־עָצְמ֣וּ מְאֹ֔ד וְלֹ֤א שָׁעוּ֙ עַל־קְד֣וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־יְהוָ֖ה לֹ֥א דָרָֽשׁוּ׃ # verse = ISA.31.1 1 ה֣וֹי הוֹי INTJ _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=woe.to!|Ref=ISA_31:1!1|MId=o230310010011|Strong=1945|Type=interjection 2-3 הַיֹּרְדִ֤ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 3 mark _ Gloss=[those|Ref=ISA_31:1!2|MId=o230310010021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 3 יֹּרְדִ֤ים יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 1 parataxis _ Gloss=who].go.down|Ref=ISA_31:1!2|MId=o230310010022|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:230300260181;|Type=participle_active 4 מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ מִצְרַיִם PROPN _ _ 3 obl _ Gloss=Egypt|Ref=ISA_31:1!3|MId=o230310010031|Strong=4714 5-6 לְעֶזְרָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=ISA_31:1!4|MId=o230310010041|Strong=3807a 6 עֶזְרָ֔ה עֶזְרָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=help|Ref=ISA_31:1!4|MId=o230310010042|Strong=5833 7 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=ISA_31:1!5|MId=o230310010051|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 8 סוּסִ֖ים סוּס NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 obl _ Gloss=horses|Ref=ISA_31:1!6|MId=o230310010061|Strong=5483 9 יִשָּׁעֵ֑נוּ שָׁעַן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=they.depend|Ref=ISA_31:1!7|MId=o230310010071|Strong=8172|Frame=A0:230310010022;|Type=yiqtol 10-11 וַיִּבְטְח֨וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_31:1!8|MId=o230310010081|Strong=2050b 11 יִּבְטְח֨וּ בָּטַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=they.have.relied|Ref=ISA_31:1!8|MId=o230310010082|Strong=0982|Frame=A0:230310010022;|Type=wayyiqtol 12 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=ISA_31:1!9|MId=o230310010091|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 13 רֶ֜כֶב רֶכֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=chariotry|Ref=ISA_31:1!10|MId=o230310010101|Strong=7393 14 כִּ֣י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 15 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=ISA_31:1!11|MId=o230310010111|Strong=3588 15 רָ֗ב רַב ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 advcl _ Gloss=[it.is].many|Ref=ISA_31:1!12|MId=o230310010121|Strong=7227|Type=adjective 16-17 וְעַ֤ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_31:1!13|MId=o230310010131|Strong=2050b 17 עַ֤ל עַל ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=ISA_31:1!13|MId=o230310010132|Strong=5921 18 פָּֽרָשִׁים֙ פָּרָשׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 1 conj _ Gloss=horsemen|Ref=ISA_31:1!14|MId=o230310010141|Strong=6571 19 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 20 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=ISA_31:1!15|MId=o230310010151|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 20 עָצְמ֣וּ עָצֹם VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 advcl _ Gloss=they.are.numerous|Ref=ISA_31:1!16|MId=o230310010161|Strong=6105|Frame=A0:230310010141;|Type=qatal 21 מְאֹ֔ד מְאֹד ADV _ _ 20 advmod _ Gloss=exceedingly|Ref=ISA_31:1!17|MId=o230310010171|Strong=3966 22-23 וְלֹ֤א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_31:1!18|MId=o230310010181|Strong=2050b 23 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 24 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=ISA_31:1!18|MId=o230310010182|Strong=3808|Type=negative 24 שָׁעוּ֙ שָׁעָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=they.look|Ref=ISA_31:1!19|MId=o230310010191|Strong=8159|Frame=A0:230310010022;|Type=qatal 25 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=ISA_31:1!20|MId=o230310010201|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 26 קְד֣וֹשׁ קָדוֹשׁ ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 24 obl _ Gloss=the.holy.[one]|Ref=ISA_31:1!21|MId=o230310010211|Strong=6918|Type=adjective 27 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=ISA_31:1!22|MId=o230310010221|Strong=3478 28-29 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_31:1!23|MId=o230310010231|Strong=2050b 29 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=ISA_31:1!23|MId=o230310010232|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 30 יְהוָ֖ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 32 obj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=ISA_31:1!24|MId=o230310010241|Strong=3068 31 לֹ֥א לֹא ADV _ _ 32 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=ISA_31:1!25|MId=o230310010251|Strong=3808|Type=negative 32 דָרָֽשׁוּ דָּרַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=they.seek|Ref=ISA_31:1!26|MId=o230310010261|Strong=1875|Frame=A0:230310010022;A1:230310010241;|Type=qatal|SpaceAfter=No 33 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 32 punct _ Ref=ISA_31:1!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּרְדִים *who\] go down* | participle active · qal | | | | | | יִשָּׁעֵנוּ *they depend* | yiqtol · niphal | יֹּרְדִים *who\] go down* | | | | | יִּבְטְחוּ *they have relied* | wayyiqtol · qal | יֹּרְדִים *who\] go down* | | | | | עָצְמוּ *they are numerous* | qatal · qal | פָּֽרָשִׁים *horsemen* | | | | | **not** שָׁעוּ *they look* | qatal · qal | יֹּרְדִים *who\] go down* | | | | | **not** דָרָֽשׁוּ *they seek* | qatal · qal | יֹּרְדִים *who\] go down* | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַי דְנַחֲתִין לְמִצְרַיִם לְסָעִיד וְעַל סוּסְוָתָא מִסְתַּמְכִין וּמִתְרַחֲצִין עַל רְתִיכַיָא אֲרֵי סַגִיאִין וְעַל פָּרָשַׁיָא אֲרֵי תַקִיפִין לַחֲדָא וְלָא אִסְתְּמִיכוּ עַל מֵימַר קַדִישָׁא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְאוּלְפַן מִן קֳדָם יְיָ לָא תְבָעוּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many, and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD!](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.652/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:596`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 30:33](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.30.33/) - next →: [Isaiah 31:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.31.2/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/31/)