--- title: Isaiah 40:4 — Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall b… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; Isaiah 40:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.40.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 40](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/40/) / 40:4 # Isaiah 40:4 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **What happens:** lift up, make · **To what, where:** valley, mountain, rugged This is Isaiah 40:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: what happens in the verse to valley, mountain, rugged, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כָּל־גֶּיא֙ יִנָּשֵׂ֔א וְכָל־הַ֥ר וְגִבְעָ֖ה יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ וְהָיָ֤ה הֶֽעָקֹב֙ לְמִישׁ֔וֹר וְהָרְכָסִ֖ים לְבִקְעָֽה׃ [Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.839/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:769 # text = כָּל־גֶּיא֙ יִנָּשֵׂ֔א וְכָל־הַ֥ר וְגִבְעָ֖ה יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ וְהָיָ֤ה הֶֽעָקֹב֙ לְמִישׁ֔וֹר וְהָרְכָסִ֖ים לְבִקְעָֽה׃ # verse = ISA.40.4 1 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ Gloss=every|Ref=ISA_40:4!1|MId=o230400040011|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 2 גֶּיא֙ גַּיְא NOUN _ Number=Sing 1 compound:smixut _ Gloss=valley|Ref=ISA_40:4!2|MId=o230400040021|Strong=1516 3 יִנָּשֵׂ֔א נָשָׂא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.will.be.lifted.up|Ref=ISA_40:4!3|MId=o230400040031|Strong=5375|Frame=A1:230400040021;|Type=yiqtol 4-5 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_40:4!4|MId=o230400040041|Strong=2050b 5 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ Gloss=every|Ref=ISA_40:4!4|MId=o230400040042|Strong=3605 6 הַ֥ר הַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=mountain|Ref=ISA_40:4!5|MId=o230400040051|Strong=2022 7-8 וְגִבְעָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_40:4!6|MId=o230400040061|Strong=2050b 8 גִבְעָ֖ה גִּבְעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 conj _ Gloss=hill|Ref=ISA_40:4!6|MId=o230400040062|Strong=1389 9 יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ שָׁפֵל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=they.will.become.low|Ref=ISA_40:4!7|MId=o230400040071|Strong=8213|Frame=A0:230400040051;230400040062;|Type=yiqtol 10-11 וְהָיָ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_40:4!8|MId=o230400040081|Strong=2050b 11 הָיָ֤ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 15 cop _ Gloss=it.will.become|Ref=ISA_40:4!8|MId=o230400040082|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:230400040092;|Type=weqatal 12-13 הֶֽעָקֹב֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 הֶֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the.steep|Ref=ISA_40:4!9|MId=o230400040091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 עָקֹב֙ עָקֹב ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 nsubj _ Gloss=[place]|Ref=ISA_40:4!9|MId=o230400040092|Strong=6121a 14-15 לְמִישׁ֔וֹר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=(into).level|Ref=ISA_40:4!10|MId=o230400040101|Strong=3807a 15 מִישׁ֔וֹר מִישׁוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 conj _ Gloss=ground|Ref=ISA_40:4!10|MId=o230400040102|Strong=4334 16-18 וְהָרְכָסִ֖ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_40:4!11|MId=o230400040111|Strong=2050b 17 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=the.rough|Ref=ISA_40:4!11|MId=o230400040112|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 18 רְכָסִ֖ים רֶכֶס NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 15 conj _ Gloss=places|Ref=ISA_40:4!11|MId=o230400040113|Strong=7406 19-20 לְבִקְעָֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=(into).a|Ref=ISA_40:4!12|MId=o230400040121|Strong=3807a 20 בִקְעָֽה בִּקְעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=plain|Ref=ISA_40:4!12|MId=o230400040122|Strong=1237 21 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 20 punct _ Ref=ISA_40:4!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִנָּשֵׂא *it will be lifted up* | yiqtol · niphal | | גֶּיא *valley* | | | | יִשְׁפָּלוּ *they will become low* | yiqtol · qal | הַר *mountain* + גִבְעָה *hill* | | | | | הָיָה *it will become* | weqatal · qal | עָקֹב *\[place\]* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} כָּל חֵילַיָא יְרָאמוּן וְכָל טוּר וְרָמָא יִמְאֲכוּן וִיהֵי כִפְלָא לְמֵישְׁרָא וּבֵית גִדוּדִין לְבִקְעָה: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.839/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:769`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 40:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.40.3/) - next →: [Isaiah 40:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.40.5/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 40](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/40/)