--- title: Isaiah 44:15 — Then a man useth it for fuel; and he taketh thereof, and warmeth him… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Then a man useth it for fuel; and he taketh thereof, and warmeth himself; yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; yea, he maketh a god, and worshippeth it; he maketh it a graven image, and falleth down thereto. Who acts: man, carpenter. Isaiah 44:15 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.44.15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/44/) / 44:15 # Isaiah 44:15 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **Who acts:** man, carpenter · **What happens:** use, take, warm, kindle, bake, make · **To what, where:** rain, carpenter, bread, god This is Isaiah 44:15 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — man, carpenter — and what happens in the verse to rain, carpenter, bread, god, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְהָיָ֤ה לְאָדָם֙ לְבָעֵ֔ר וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֵהֶם֙ וַיָּ֔חָם אַף־יַשִּׂ֖יק וְאָ֣פָה לָ֑חֶם אַף־יִפְעַל־אֵל֙ וַיִּשְׁתָּ֔חוּ עָשָׂ֥הוּ פֶ֖סֶל וַיִּסְגָּד־לָֽמוֹ׃ [Then a man useth it for fuel; and he taketh thereof, and warmeth himself; yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; yea, he maketh a god, and worshippeth it; he maketh it a graven image, and falleth down thereto.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.987/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:893 # text = וְהָיָ֤ה לְאָדָם֙ לְבָעֵ֔ר וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֵהֶם֙ וַיָּ֔חָם אַף־יַשִּׂ֖יק וְאָ֣פָה לָ֑חֶם אַף־יִפְעַל־אֵל֙ וַיִּשְׁתָּ֔חוּ עָשָׂ֥הוּ פֶ֖סֶל וַיִּסְגָּד־לָֽמוֹ׃ # verse = ISA.44.15 1-2 וְהָיָ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_44:15!1|MId=o230440150011|Strong=2050b 2 הָיָ֤ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 cop _ Gloss=it.belongs|Ref=ISA_44:15!1|MId=o230440150012|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:230440140031;230440140051;230440140062;230440140121;|Type=weqatal 3-4 לְאָדָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=ISA_44:15!2|MId=o230440150021|Strong=3807a 4 אָדָם֙ אָדָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ Gloss=anyone|Ref=ISA_44:15!2|MId=o230440150022|Strong=0120 5-6 לְבָעֵ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=ISA_44:15!3|MId=o230440150031|Strong=3807a 6 בָעֵ֔ר בָּעַר VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 4 advcl _ Gloss=burn|Ref=ISA_44:15!3|MId=o230440150032|Strong=1197|Frame=A0:230440150022;A1:230440140031;230440140051;230440140062;230440140121;|Type=infinitive_construct 7-8 וַיִּקַּ֤ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_44:15!4|MId=o230440150041|Strong=2050b 8 יִּקַּ֤ח לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=he.took|Ref=ISA_44:15!4|MId=o230440150042|Strong=3947|Frame=A0:230440130011;|Type=wayyiqtol 9-10 מֵהֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=some|Ref=ISA_44:15!5|MId=o230440150051|Strong=4480 10 הֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 obl _ Gloss=of.them|Ref=ISA_44:15!5|MId=o230440150052|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 11-12 וַיָּ֔חָם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_44:15!6|MId=o230440150061|Strong=2050b 12 יָּ֔חָם חָמַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=he.became.warm|Ref=ISA_44:15!6|MId=o230440150062|Strong=2552|Frame=A0:230440130011;|Type=wayyiqtol 13 אַף־ אַף ADV _ _ 14 advmod _ Gloss=also|Ref=ISA_44:15!7|MId=o230440150071|Strong=0637|Type=affirmation|SpaceAfter=No 14 יַשִּׂ֖יק נשׂק VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 parataxis _ Gloss=he.kindles.a.fire|Ref=ISA_44:15!8|MId=o230440150081|Strong=5400|Frame=AA:230440130011;A0:230440140031;230440140051;230440140062;230440140121;|Type=yiqtol 15-16 וְאָ֣פָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_44:15!9|MId=o230440150091|Strong=2050b 16 אָ֣פָה אָפָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 14 conj _ Gloss=he.bakes|Ref=ISA_44:15!9|MId=o230440150092|Strong=0644|Frame=A0:230440130011;A1:230440150101;|Type=weqatal 17 לָ֑חֶם לֶחֶם NOUN _ Number=Sing 16 obj _ Gloss=bread|Ref=ISA_44:15!10|MId=o230440150101|Strong=3899 18 אַף־ אַף ADV _ _ 19 advmod _ Gloss=also|Ref=ISA_44:15!11|MId=o230440150111|Strong=0637|Type=affirmation|SpaceAfter=No 19 יִפְעַל־ פָּעַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 parataxis _ Gloss=he.makes|Ref=ISA_44:15!12|MId=o230440150121|Strong=6466|Frame=A0:230440130011;A1:230440150131;|Type=yiqtol|SpaceAfter=No 20 אֵל֙ אֵל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 obj _ Gloss=a.god|Ref=ISA_44:15!13|MId=o230440150131|Strong=0410 21-22 וַיִּשְׁתָּ֔חוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_44:15!14|MId=o230440150141|Strong=2050b 22 יִּשְׁתָּ֔חוּ חוה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HITHPAEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 19 conj _ Gloss=he.bowed.down|Ref=ISA_44:15!14|MId=o230440150142|Strong=7812a|Frame=A0:230440130011;|Type=wayyiqtol 23-24 עָשָׂ֥הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 עָשׂ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 parataxis _ Gloss=he|Ref=ISA_44:15!15|MId=o230440150151|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:230440130011;A1:230440150152;|Type=qatal 24 ָ֥הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 obj _ Gloss=makes.it|Ref=ISA_44:15!15|MId=o230440150152|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 25 פֶ֖סֶל פֶּסֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 xcomp _ Gloss=an.idol|Ref=ISA_44:15!16|MId=o230440150161|Strong=6459 26-27 וַיִּסְגָּד־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 27 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_44:15!17|MId=o230440150171|Strong=2050b 27 יִּסְגָּד־ סָגַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=he.prostrated.himself|Ref=ISA_44:15!17|MId=o230440150172|Strong=5456|Frame=A0:230440130011;|Type=wayyiqtol 28-29 לָֽמוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 לָֽ לְ ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=ISA_44:15!18|MId=o230440150181|Strong=3807z 29 מוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=ISA_44:15!18|MId=o230440150182|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 30 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 29 punct _ Ref=ISA_44:15!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הָיָה *it belongs* | weqatal · qal | | | | | | בָעֵר *burn* | infinitive construct · piel | אָדָם *anyone* | | | | | יִּקַּח *he took* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | יָּחָם *he became warm* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | יַשִּׂיק *he kindles a fire* | yiqtol · hiphil | | | | | | אָפָה *he bakes* | weqatal · qal | | לָחֶם *bread* | | | | יִפְעַל־ *he makes* | yiqtol · qal | | אֵל *a god* | | | | יִּשְׁתָּחוּ *he bowed down* | wayyiqtol · hithpael | | | | | | עָשׂ *he* | qatal · qal | | ָהוּ *makes it* | | | | יִּסְגָּד־ *he prostrated himself* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וֶהֱוֵי לֶאֱנָשָׁא לְאַדְלָקָא וּנְסֵיב מִנְהוֹן וּשְׁחֵין אַף אֲזָא וְאָפָא לְחֵם אַף עָבְדֵהּ דַחֲלָא וּסְגֵיד אִתְּכֵהּ צַלְמָא וּבְעָא מִנֵהּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Then a man useth it for fuel; and he taketh thereof, and warmeth himself; yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; yea, he maketh a god, and worshippeth it; he maketh it a graven image, and falleth down thereto.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.987/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:893`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 44:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.44.14/) - next →: [Isaiah 44:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.44.16/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/44/)