--- title: Isaiah 5:28 — Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind; Who acts: arrows, bows. Isaiah 5:28 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.5.28/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/5/) / 5:28 # Isaiah 5:28 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **Who acts:** arrows, bows · **What happens:** be, count · **To what, where:** hoofs This is Isaiah 5:28 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — arrows, bows — and what happens in the verse to hoofs, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. אֲשֶׁ֤ר חִצָּיו֙ שְׁנוּנִ֔ים וְכָל־קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו דְּרֻכ֑וֹת פַּרְס֤וֹת סוּסָיו֙ כַּצַּ֣ר נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו כַּסּוּפָֽה׃ [Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.119/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:112 # text = אֲשֶׁ֤ר חִצָּיו֙ שְׁנוּנִ֔ים וְכָל־קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו דְּרֻכ֑וֹת פַּרְס֤וֹת סוּסָיו֙ כַּצַּ֣ר נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו כַּסּוּפָֽה׃ # verse = ISA.5.28 1 אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 4 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=ISA_5:28!1|MId=o230050280011|Strong=0834|Type=relative 2-3 חִצָּיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 חִצָּי חֵץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ Gloss=arrows|Ref=ISA_5:28!2|MId=o230050280021|Strong=2671 3 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=ISA_5:28!2|MId=o230050280022|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 4 שְׁנוּנִ֔ים שָׁנַן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 0 root _ Gloss=[are].sharpened|Ref=ISA_5:28!3|MId=o230050280031|Strong=8150|Frame=A1:230050280021;|Type=participle_passive 5-6 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_5:28!4|MId=o230050280041|Strong=2050b 6 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=ISA_5:28!4|MId=o230050280042|Strong=3605 7-8 קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖י קֶשֶׁת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=bows|Ref=ISA_5:28!5|MId=o230050280051|Strong=7198 8 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=ISA_5:28!5|MId=o230050280052|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 9 דְּרֻכ֑וֹת דָּרַךְ VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 4 conj _ Gloss=[are].bent|Ref=ISA_5:28!6|MId=o230050280061|Strong=1869|Frame=A1:230050280051;|Type=participle_passive 10 פַּרְס֤וֹת פַּרְסָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ Gloss=the.hooves|Ref=ISA_5:28!7|MId=o230050280071|Strong=6541 11-12 סוּסָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 סוּסָי סוּס NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=its.horses|Ref=ISA_5:28!8|MId=o230050280081|Strong=5483 12 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=ISA_5:28!8|MId=o230050280082|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 13-15 כַּצַּ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=ISA_5:28!9|MId=o230050280091|Strong=3509a 14 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_5:28!9|MId=o230050280091ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 צַּ֣ר צַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 obl _ Gloss=flint|Ref=ISA_5:28!9|MId=o230050280092|Strong=6862b 16 נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ חָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 4 parataxis _ Gloss=they.are.regarded|Ref=ISA_5:28!10|MId=o230050280101|Strong=2803|Frame=A1:230050280071;|Type=qatal 17-19 וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_5:28!11|MId=o230050280111|Strong=2050b 18 גַלְגִּלָּ֖י גַּלְגַּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 16 conj _ Gloss=wheels|Ref=ISA_5:28!11|MId=o230050280112|Strong=1534 19 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=ISA_5:28!11|MId=o230050280113|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 20-22 כַּסּוּפָֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=ISA_5:28!12|MId=o230050280121|Strong=3509a 21 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_5:28!12|MId=o230050280121ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 סּוּפָֽה סוּפָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=storm-wind|Ref=ISA_5:28!12|MId=o230050280122|Strong=5492 23 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 22 punct _ Ref=ISA_5:28!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | שְׁנוּנִים *\[are\] sharpened* | participle passive · qal | | חִצָּי *arrows* | | | | דְּרֻכוֹת *\[are\] bent* | participle passive · qal | | קַשְּׁתֹתָי *bows* | | | | נֶחְשָׁבוּ *they are regarded* | qatal · niphal | | פַּרְסוֹת *the hooves* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} דִי גִירוֹהִי מְחַרְפִין וְכָל קַשְׁתָּתֵיהּ מְתִיחָן פַּרְסַת סוּסְוָתֵיהּ כְּטָנָרָא תַקִיפִין וְגַלְגְלוֹהִי קַלִילִין הָא כְעַלְעוֹלָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.119/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:112`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 5:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.5.27/) - next →: [Isaiah 5:29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.5.29/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/5/)