--- title: Isaiah 8:23 — For is there no gloom to her that was stedfast? Now the former hath… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: For is there no gloom to her that was stedfast? Now the former hath lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but the latter hath dealt a more grievous blow by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, in the district of the nations. Who acts: gloom, former, latter. Isaiah 8:23 in --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.8.23/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/8/) / 8:23 # Isaiah 8:23 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **Who acts:** gloom, former, latter · **What happens:** be, afflict, deal · **To what, where:** land, grievous blow, district This is Isaiah 8:23 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — gloom, former, latter — and what happens in the verse to land, grievous blow, district, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כִּ֣י לֹ֣א מוּעָף֮ לַאֲשֶׁ֣ר מוּצָ֣ק לָהּ֒ כָּעֵ֣ת הָרִאשׁ֗וֹן הֵקַ֞ל אַ֤רְצָה זְבֻלוּן֙ וְאַ֣רְצָה נַפְתָּלִ֔י וְהָאַחֲר֖וֹן הִכְבִּ֑יד דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַיָּם֙ עֵ֣בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן גְּלִ֖יל הַגּוֹיִֽם׃ [For is there no gloom to her that was stedfast?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.185/) [Now the former hath lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but the latter hath dealt a more grievous blow by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, in the district of the nations.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.186/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:175 # text = כִּ֣י לֹ֣א מוּעָף֮ לַאֲשֶׁ֣ר מוּצָ֣ק לָהּ֒ כָּעֵ֣ת הָרִאשׁ֗וֹן הֵקַ֞ל אַ֤רְצָה זְבֻלוּן֙ וְאַ֣רְצָה נַפְתָּלִ֔י וְהָאַחֲר֖וֹן הִכְבִּ֑יד דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַיָּם֙ עֵ֣בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן גְּלִ֖יל הַגּוֹיִֽם׃ # verse = ISA.8.23 1 כִּ֣י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 4 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=ISA_8:23!1|MId=o230080230011|Strong=3588 2 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 4 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=ISA_8:23!2|MId=o230080230021|Strong=3808|Type=negative 3 מוּעָף֮ מוּעָף NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=gloom|Ref=ISA_8:23!3|MId=o230080230031|Strong=4155 4-5 לַאֲשֶׁ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 לַ לְ ADP _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=[will|Ref=ISA_8:23!4|MId=o230080230041|Strong=3807a 5 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 8 mark _ Gloss=belong].to.[that].which|Ref=ISA_8:23!4|MId=o230080230042|Strong=0834|Type=relative 6 מוּצָ֣ק מוּצָק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ Gloss=distress|Ref=ISA_8:23!5|MId=o230080230051|Strong=4164 7-8 לָהּ֒ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 ל לְ ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=[belonged].to|Ref=ISA_8:23!6|MId=o230080230061|Strong=3807a 8 ָהּ֒ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 acl:relcl _ Gloss=it|Ref=ISA_8:23!6|MId=o230080230062|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 9-11 כָּעֵ֣ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 כָּ כְּ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=ISA_8:23!7|MId=o230080230071|Strong=3509a 10 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 11 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=ISA_8:23!7|MId=o230080230071ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 11 עֵ֣ת עֵת NOUN _ Number=Sing 14 obl _ Gloss=time|Ref=ISA_8:23!7|MId=o230080230072|Strong=6256 12-13 הָרִאשׁ֗וֹן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=ISA_8:23!8|MId=o230080230081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 רִאשׁ֗וֹן רִאשׁוֹן ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 amod _ Gloss=former|Ref=ISA_8:23!8|MId=o230080230082|Strong=7223|Type=ordinal_number 14 הֵקַ֞ל קָלַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 parataxis _ Gloss=he.treated.with.contempt|Ref=ISA_8:23!9|MId=o230080230091|Strong=7043|Frame=AA:230080210113;A0:230080230101;230080230122;|Type=qatal 15-16 אַ֤רְצָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 אַ֤רְצ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 14 obj _ Gloss=land|Ref=ISA_8:23!10|MId=o230080230101|Strong=0776 16 ָה ה X _ _ 15 nmod _ Gloss=(to).the|Ref=ISA_8:23!10|MId=o230080230102|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 17 זְבֻלוּן֙ זְבוּלֻן PROPN _ _ 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Zebulun|Ref=ISA_8:23!11|MId=o230080230111|Strong=2074 18-20 וְאַ֣רְצָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and.(to)|Ref=ISA_8:23!12|MId=o230080230121|Strong=2050b 19 אַ֣רְצ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 15 conj _ Gloss=the|Ref=ISA_8:23!12|MId=o230080230122|Strong=0776 20 ָה ה X _ _ 19 nmod _ Gloss=land|Ref=ISA_8:23!12|MId=o230080230123|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 21 נַפְתָּלִ֔י נַפְתָּלִי PROPN _ _ 19 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Naphtali|Ref=ISA_8:23!13|MId=o230080230131|Strong=5321 22-24 וְהָאַחֲר֖וֹן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=ISA_8:23!14|MId=o230080230141|Strong=2050b 23 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 24 det _ Gloss=the.latter|Ref=ISA_8:23!14|MId=o230080230142|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 24 אַחֲר֖וֹן אַחֲרוֹן ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=[time]|Ref=ISA_8:23!14|MId=o230080230143|Strong=0314|Type=adjective 25 הִכְבִּ֑יד כָּבֵד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=he.will.honor|Ref=ISA_8:23!15|MId=o230080230151|Strong=3513|Frame=AA:230080210113;A0:230080230161;|Type=qatal 26 דֶּ֤רֶךְ דֶּרֶךְ NOUN _ Number=Sing 25 obj _ Gloss=the.way|Ref=ISA_8:23!16|MId=o230080230161|Strong=1870 27-28 הַיָּם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=ISA_8:23!17|MId=o230080230171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 יָּם֙ יָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.sea|Ref=ISA_8:23!17|MId=o230080230172|Strong=3220 29 עֵ֣בֶר עֵבֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 26 appos _ Gloss=the.other.side|Ref=ISA_8:23!18|MId=o230080230181|Strong=5676 30-31 הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 31 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=ISA_8:23!19|MId=o230080230191|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 31 יַּרְדֵּ֔ן יַרְדֵּן PROPN _ _ 29 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Jordan|Ref=ISA_8:23!19|MId=o230080230192|Strong=3383 32 גְּלִ֖יל גָּלִיל PROPN _ _ 26 appos _ Gloss=Galilee|Ref=ISA_8:23!20|MId=o230080230201|Strong=1551 33-34 הַגּוֹיִֽם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 34 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=ISA_8:23!21|MId=o230080230211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 34 גּוֹיִֽם גּוֹי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 32 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.nations|Ref=ISA_8:23!21|MId=o230080230212|Strong=1471 35 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 34 punct _ Ref=ISA_8:23!21 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הֵקַל *he treated with contempt* | qatal · hiphil | אַרְצ *land* + אַרְצ *the* | | | | | הִכְבִּיד *he will honor* | qatal · hiphil | דֶּרֶךְ *the way* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} אֲרֵי לָא יִשְׁתַּלְהֵי כָּל דְיֵיתֵי לַאֲעָקָא לְהוֹן כְּעִידַן קֳדָמַי גְלוֹ עַם אֲרַע זְבוּלֻן וְעַם אֲרַע נַפְתָּלִי וּשְׁאַרְהוֹן מְלַךְ תַּקִיף יַגְלֵי עַל דְלָא אַדְכַּרוּ גְבוּרַת יַמָא וְנִסֵי יַרְדְנָא קְרַב כְּרַכֵּי עַמְמַיָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [For is there no gloom to her that was stedfast?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.185/) 2. [Now the former hath lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but the latter hath dealt a more grievous blow by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, in the district of the nations.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.186/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:175`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 8:22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.8.22/) - next →: [Isaiah 9:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.9.1/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/8/)