--- title: Isaiah 9:1 — The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they tha… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined. Who acts: people. Isaiah 9:1 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.9.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/9/) / 9:1 # Isaiah 9:1 יְשַׁעְיָהוּ **Who acts:** people · **What happens:** walk, see, dwell, shin, shadow · **To what, where:** darkness, great light, land, death This is Isaiah 9:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — people — and what happens in the verse to darkness, great light, land, death, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 66 chapters of Isaiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. הָעָם֙ הַהֹלְכִ֣ים בַּחֹ֔שֶׁךְ רָא֖וּ א֣וֹר גָּד֑וֹל יֹשְׁבֵי֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ צַלְמָ֔וֶת א֖וֹר נָגַ֥הּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ [The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.187/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:ISA:176 # text = הָעָם֙ הַהֹלְכִ֣ים בַּחֹ֔שֶׁךְ רָא֖וּ א֣וֹר גָּד֑וֹל יֹשְׁבֵי֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ צַלְמָ֔וֶת א֖וֹר נָגַ֥הּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ # verse = ISA.9.1 1-2 הָעָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 2 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=ISA_9:1!1|MId=o230090010011|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 2 עָם֙ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ Gloss=people|Ref=ISA_9:1!1|MId=o230090010012|Strong=5971 3-4 הַהֹלְכִ֣ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 4 mark _ Gloss=[which]|Ref=ISA_9:1!2|MId=o230090010021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 הֹלְכִ֣ים הָלַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 2 acl:relcl _ Gloss=walk|Ref=ISA_9:1!2|MId=o230090010022|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:230080010021;|Type=participle_active 5-7 בַּחֹ֔שֶׁךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=ISA_9:1!3|MId=o230090010031|Strong=0871a 6 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=ISA_9:1!3|MId=o230090010031ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 חֹ֔שֶׁךְ חֹשֶׁךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=darkness|Ref=ISA_9:1!3|MId=o230090010032|Strong=2822 8 רָא֖וּ רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.will.see|Ref=ISA_9:1!4|MId=o230090010041|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:230090010012;A1:230090010051;|Type=qatal 9 א֣וֹר אוֹר NOUN _ Number=Sing 8 obj _ Gloss=a.light|Ref=ISA_9:1!5|MId=o230090010051|Strong=0216 10 גָּד֑וֹל גָּדוֹל ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 amod _ Gloss=great|Ref=ISA_9:1!6|MId=o230090010061|Strong=1419|Type=adjective 11 יֹשְׁבֵי֙ יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 16 parataxis _ Gloss=[those.who].dwell|Ref=ISA_9:1!7|MId=o230090010071|Strong=3427|Type=participle_active 12-13 בְּאֶ֣רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=ISA_9:1!8|MId=o230090010081|Strong=0871a 13 אֶ֣רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=a.land|Ref=ISA_9:1!8|MId=o230090010082|Strong=0776 14 צַלְמָ֔וֶת צַלְמָוֶת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.deep.darkness|Ref=ISA_9:1!9|MId=o230090010091|Strong=6757 15 א֖וֹר אוֹר NOUN _ Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ Gloss=a.light|Ref=ISA_9:1!10|MId=o230090010101|Strong=0216 16 נָגַ֥הּ נָגַהּ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 8 parataxis _ Gloss=it.will.shine|Ref=ISA_9:1!11|MId=o230090010111|Strong=5050|Frame=A0:230090010101;|Type=qatal 17-18 עֲלֵיהֶֽם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 עֲלֵי עַל ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=ISA_9:1!12|MId=o230090010121|Strong=5921 18 הֶֽם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=ISA_9:1!12|MId=o230090010122|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 19 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 18 punct _ Ref=ISA_9:1!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הֹלְכִים *walk* | participle active · qal | | | | | | רָאוּ *they will see* | qatal · qal | עָם *people* | אוֹר *a light* | | | | נָגַהּ *it will shine* | qatal · qal | אוֹר *a light* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} עַמָא בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל דַהֲווֹ מְהַלְכִין בְּמִצְרַיִם כִּדְבְּקִבְלָא נְפָּקוּ לְמֶחֱזֵי נְהוֹר סַגִי יַתְבִין בְּאַרְעָא טוּלֵימוֹתָא נְהוֹרָא אַזְהַר עֲלֵיהוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.187/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:ISA:176`. - ← previous: [Isaiah 8:23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.8.23/) - next →: [Isaiah 9:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.9.2/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/9/)