--- title: Judges 1:1 — AND IT came to pass after the death of Joshua, that the children of… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: AND IT came to pass after the death of Joshua, that the children of Israel asked the LORD, saying: 'Who shall go up for us first against the Canaanites, to fight against them?' Who acts: IT, children, Joshua. Judges 1:1 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG.1.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Judges](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG/1/) / 1:1 # Judges 1:1 שֹׁפְטִים **Who acts:** IT, children, Joshua · **What happens:** come, pass, ask, say, go up, fight · **To what, where:** LORD · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Judges 1:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — IT, children, Joshua — and what happens in the verse to LORD, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 21 chapters of Judges on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיְהִ֗י אַחֲרֵי֙ מ֣וֹת יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ וַֽיִּשְׁאֲלוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בַּיהוָ֖ה לֵאמֹ֑ר מִ֣י יַעֲלֶה־לָּ֧נוּ אֶל־הַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֛י בַּתְּחִלָּ֖ה לְהִלָּ֥חֶם בּֽוֹ׃ [AND IT came to pass after the death of Joshua, that the children of Israel asked the LORD, saying: 'Who shall go up for us first against the Canaanites, to fight against them?'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JDG.0/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JDG:0 # text = וַיְהִ֗י אַחֲרֵי֙ מ֣וֹת יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ וַֽיִּשְׁאֲלוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בַּיהוָ֖ה לֵאמֹ֑ר מִ֣י יַעֲלֶה־לָּ֧נוּ אֶל־הַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֛י בַּתְּחִלָּ֖ה לְהִלָּ֥חֶם בּֽוֹ׃ # verse = JDG.1.1 1-2 וַיְהִ֗י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JDG_1:1!1|MId=o070010010011|Strong=2050b 2 יְהִ֗י הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=JDG_1:1!1|MId=o070010010012|Strong=1961|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אַחֲרֵי֙ אַחַר ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=after|Ref=JDG_1:1!2|MId=o070010010021|Strong=0310 4 מ֣וֹת מָוֶת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=the.death|Ref=JDG_1:1!3|MId=o070010010031|Strong=4194 5 יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Joshua|Ref=JDG_1:1!4|MId=o070010010041|Strong=3091 6-7 וַֽיִּשְׁאֲלוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JDG_1:1!5|MId=o070010010051|Strong=2050b 7 יִּשְׁאֲלוּ֙ שָׁאַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.enquired|Ref=JDG_1:1!5|MId=o070010010052|Strong=7592|Frame=A0:070010010061;|Type=wayyiqtol 8 בְּנֵ֣י בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 7 nsubj _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JDG_1:1!6|MId=o070010010061|Strong=1121 9 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JDG_1:1!7|MId=o070010010071|Strong=3478 10-11 בַּיהוָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=JDG_1:1!8|MId=o070010010081|Strong=0871a 11 יהוָ֖ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 7 obl _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JDG_1:1!8|MId=o070010010082|Strong=3068 12-13 לֵאמֹ֑ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 15 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=JDG_1:1!9|MId=o070010010091|Strong=3807a 13 אמֹ֑ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 12 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=JDG_1:1!9|MId=o070010010092|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:070010010061;|Type=infinitive_construct 14 מִ֣י מִי PRON _ PronType=Int 15 nsubj _ Gloss=who?|Ref=JDG_1:1!10|MId=o070010010101|Strong=4310|Type=interrogative 15 יַעֲלֶה־ עָלָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 7 ccomp _ Gloss=will.he.go.up|Ref=JDG_1:1!11|MId=o070010010111|Strong=5927|Frame=A0:070010010101;|Type=yiqtol|SpaceAfter=No 16-17 לָּ֧נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 לּ לְ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JDG_1:1!12|MId=o070010010121|Strong=3807a 17 ָ֧נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 15 obl _ Gloss=us|Ref=JDG_1:1!12|MId=o070010010122|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 18 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=against|Ref=JDG_1:1!13|MId=o070010010131|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 19-20 הַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֛י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הַֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JDG_1:1!14|MId=o070010010141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 כְּנַעֲנִ֛י כְּנַעֲנִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 obl _ Gloss=Canaanite[s]|Ref=JDG_1:1!14|MId=o070010010142|Strong=3669|Type=gentilic 21-23 בַּתְּחִלָּ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=at|Ref=JDG_1:1!15|MId=o070010010151|Strong=0871a 22 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 23 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JDG_1:1!15|MId=o070010010151ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 23 תְּחִלָּ֖ה תְּחִלָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 15 obl _ Gloss=first|Ref=JDG_1:1!15|MId=o070010010152|Strong=8462 24-25 לְהִלָּ֥חֶם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JDG_1:1!16|MId=o070010010161|Strong=3807a 25 הִלָּ֥חֶם לָחַם VERB _ HebBinyan=NIPHAL 15 advcl _ Gloss=engage.in.battle|Ref=JDG_1:1!16|MId=o070010010162|Strong=3898|Frame=A0:070010010101;|Type=infinitive_construct 26-27 בּֽוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=against|Ref=JDG_1:1!17|MId=o070010010171|Strong=0871a 27 ֽוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=JDG_1:1!17|MId=o070010010172|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 28 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 27 punct _ Ref=JDG_1:1!17 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּשְׁאֲלוּ *they enquired* | wayyiqtol · qal | בְּנֵי *the people* | | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | בְּנֵי *the people* | | | | | יַעֲלֶה־ *will he go up* | yiqtol · qal | מִי *who?* | | | | | הִלָּחֶם *engage in battle* | infinitive construct · niphal | מִי *who?* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַהֲוָה בָּתַר דְמִית יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּשְׁאִילוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמֵימְרָא דַייָ לְמֵימַר מַן יִסַק לָנָא לְוַת כְּנַעֲנָאָה בְּקַדְמֵיתָא לְאַגָחָא קְרָבָא בֵּיהּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [AND IT came to pass after the death of Joshua, that the children of Israel asked the LORD, saying: 'Who shall go up for us first against the Canaanites, to fight against them?'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JDG.0/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JDG:0`. - ← previous: [Joshua 24:33](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.33/) - next →: [Judges 1:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG.1.2/) - ↑ back to [Judges 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG/1/)