--- title: Judges 2:19 — But it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they turned back,… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: But it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they turned back, and dealt more corruptly than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to worship them; they left nothing undone of their practices, nor of their stubborn way. Who acts: way, judge, judges. Judges 2:19 in Hebrew wi --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG.2.19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Judges](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG/2/) / 2:19 # Judges 2:19 שֹׁפְטִים **Who acts:** way, judge, judges · **What happens:** come, pass, be, turn back, deal, follow · **To what, where:** other gods, judges, nothing This is Judges 2:19 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — way, judge, judges — and what happens in the verse to other gods, judges, nothing, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 21 chapters of Judges on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְהָיָ֣ה ׀ בְּמ֣וֹת הַשּׁוֹפֵ֗ט יָשֻׁ֙בוּ֙ וְהִשְׁחִ֣יתוּ מֵֽאֲבוֹתָ֔ם לָלֶ֗כֶת אַֽחֲרֵי֙ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֔ים לְעָבְדָ֖ם וּלְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺ֣ת לָהֶ֑ם לֹ֤א הִפִּ֙ילוּ֙ מִמַּ֣עַלְלֵיהֶ֔ם וּמִדַּרְכָּ֖ם הַקָּשָֽׁה׃ [But it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they turned back, and dealt more corruptly than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to worship them; they left nothing undone of their practices, nor of their stubborn way.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JDG.56/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JDG:54 # text = וְהָיָ֣ה ׀ בְּמ֣וֹת הַשּׁוֹפֵ֗ט יָשֻׁ֙בוּ֙ וְהִשְׁחִ֣יתוּ מֵֽאֲבוֹתָ֔ם לָלֶ֗כֶת אַֽחֲרֵי֙ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֔ים לְעָבְדָ֖ם וּלְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺ֣ת לָהֶ֑ם לֹ֤א הִפִּ֙ילוּ֙ מִמַּ֣עַלְלֵיהֶ֔ם וּמִדַּרְכָּ֖ם הַקָּשָֽׁה׃ # verse = JDG.2.19 1-2 וְהָיָ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JDG_2:19!1|MId=o070020190011|Strong=2050b 2 הָיָ֣ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 5 cop _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=JDG_2:19!1|MId=o070020190012|Strong=1961|Type=weqatal 3 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Ref=JDG_2:19!1 4-5 בְּמ֣וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=when|Ref=JDG_2:19!2|MId=o070020190021|Strong=0871a 5 מ֣וֹת מוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ Gloss=died|Ref=JDG_2:19!2|MId=o070020190022|Strong=4191|Frame=A0:070020190032; 6-7 הַשּׁוֹפֵ֗ט _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JDG_2:19!3|MId=o070020190031|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 שּׁוֹפֵ֗ט שָׁפַט VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ Gloss=judge|Ref=JDG_2:19!3|MId=o070020190032|Strong=8199|Type=participle_active 8 יָשֻׁ֙בוּ֙ שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 5 parataxis _ Gloss=they.returned|Ref=JDG_2:19!4|MId=o070020190041|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:070020140042;|Type=yiqtol 9-10 וְהִשְׁחִ֣יתוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JDG_2:19!5|MId=o070020190051|Strong=2050b 10 הִשְׁחִ֣יתוּ שָׁחַת VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 5 conj _ Gloss=they.acted.corruptly|Ref=JDG_2:19!5|MId=o070020190052|Strong=7843|Frame=A0:070020140042;|Type=weqatal 11-13 מֵֽאֲבוֹתָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 מֵֽ מִן ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=more|Ref=JDG_2:19!6|MId=o070020190061|Strong=4480 12 אֲבוֹת אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 10 obl _ Gloss=than|Ref=JDG_2:19!6|MId=o070020190062|Strong=0001 13 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their.fathers|Ref=JDG_2:19!6|MId=o070020190063|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 14-15 לָלֶ֗כֶת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=JDG_2:19!7|MId=o070020190071|Strong=3807a 15 לֶ֗כֶת הלך VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 10 advcl _ Gloss=walking|Ref=JDG_2:19!7|MId=o070020190072|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:070020140042;|Type=infinitive_construct 16 אַֽחֲרֵי֙ אַחַר ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=after|Ref=JDG_2:19!8|MId=o070020190081|Strong=0310 17 אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 15 obl _ Gloss=gods|Ref=JDG_2:19!9|MId=o070020190091|Strong=0430 18 אֲחֵרִ֔ים אַחֵר ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 17 amod _ Gloss=other|Ref=JDG_2:19!10|MId=o070020190101|Strong=0312|Type=adjective 19-21 לְעָבְדָ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JDG_2:19!11|MId=o070020190111|Strong=3807a 20 עָבְד עָבַד VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 15 conj _ Gloss=serve|Ref=JDG_2:19!11|MId=o070020190112|Strong=5647|Frame=A0:070020140042;A1:070020190113;|Type=infinitive_construct 21 ָ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 obj _ Gloss=them|Ref=JDG_2:19!11|MId=o070020190113|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 22-24 וּלְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺ֣ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JDG_2:19!12|MId=o070020190121|Strong=2050b 23 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JDG_2:19!12|MId=o070020190122|Strong=3807a 24 הִשְׁתַּחֲוֺ֣ת חוה VERB _ _ 15 conj _ Gloss=bow.down|Ref=JDG_2:19!12|MId=o070020190123|Strong=7812a|Frame=A0:070020140042;|Type=infinitive_construct 25-26 לָהֶ֑ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 ל לְ ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JDG_2:19!13|MId=o070020190131|Strong=3807a 26 ָהֶ֑ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=JDG_2:19!13|MId=o070020190132|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 27 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 28 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JDG_2:19!14|MId=o070020190141|Strong=3808|Type=negative 28 הִפִּ֙ילוּ֙ נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 5 parataxis _ Gloss=they.let.drop|Ref=JDG_2:19!15|MId=o070020190151|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:070020140042;|Type=qatal 29-31 מִמַּ֣עַלְלֵיהֶ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=any|Ref=JDG_2:19!16|MId=o070020190161|Strong=4480 30 מַּ֣עַלְלֵי מַעֲלָל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 28 obl _ Gloss=of|Ref=JDG_2:19!16|MId=o070020190162|Strong=4611 31 הֶ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their.deeds|Ref=JDG_2:19!16|MId=o070020190163|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 32-35 וּמִדַּרְכָּ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JDG_2:19!17|MId=o070020190171|Strong=2050b 33 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=any|Ref=JDG_2:19!17|MId=o070020190172|Strong=4480 34 דַּרְכּ דֶּרֶךְ NOUN _ Number=Sing 30 conj _ Gloss=of|Ref=JDG_2:19!17|MId=o070020190173|Strong=1870 35 ָ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their.way|Ref=JDG_2:19!17|MId=o070020190174|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 36-37 הַקָּשָֽׁה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 37 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JDG_2:19!18|MId=o070020190181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 37 קָּשָֽׁה קָשֶׁה ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 34 amod _ Gloss=stubborn|Ref=JDG_2:19!18|MId=o070020190182|Strong=7186|Type=adjective 38 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 37 punct _ Ref=JDG_2:19!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | מוֹת *died* | | שּׁוֹפֵט *judge* | | | | | יָשֻׁבוּ *they returned* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | | הִשְׁחִיתוּ *they acted corruptly* | weqatal · hiphil | | | | | | לֶכֶת *walking* | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | עָבְד *serve* | infinitive construct · qal | | ָם *them* | | | | הִשְׁתַּחֲוֺת *bow down* | infinitive construct | | | | | | **not** הִפִּילוּ *they let drop* | qatal · hiphil | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַהֲוָה כַּד מָאִית נְגִידָא תַּיְבִין וּמְחַבְּלִין מֵאֲבָהַתְהוֹן לִמְהַךְ בָּתַר טַעֲוַת עַמְמַיָא לְמִפְלַחְהֶן וּלְמִסְגַד לָהֶן לָא שַׁבְקִין מֵעוֹבְדֵיהוֹן בִּישַׁיָא וּמֵאוֹרְחַתְהוֹן מְקַלְקְלָתָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [But it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they turned back, and dealt more corruptly than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to worship them; they left nothing undone of their practices, nor of their stubborn way.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JDG.56/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JDG:54`. - ← previous: [Judges 2:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG.2.18/) - next →: [Judges 2:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG.2.20/) - ↑ back to [Judges 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG/2/)