--- title: Jeremiah 1:18 — For, behold, I have made thee this day a fortified city, and an iron… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: For, behold, I have made thee this day a fortified city, and an iron pillar, and brazen walls, against the whole land, against the kings of Judah, against the princes thereof, against the priests thereof, and against the people of the land. Who acts: I. Jeremiah 1:18 in Hebrew with its dependency tr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.1.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/1/) / 1:18 # Jeremiah 1:18 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** I · **What happens:** make · **To what, where:** fortified city, thee This is Jeremiah 1:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — I — and what happens in the verse to fortified city, thee, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַאֲנִ֞י הִנֵּ֧ה נְתַתִּ֣יךָ הַיּ֗וֹם לְעִ֨יר מִבְצָ֜ר וּלְעַמּ֥וּד בַּרְזֶ֛ל וּלְחֹמ֥וֹת נְחֹ֖שֶׁת עַל־כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ לְמַלְכֵ֤י יְהוּדָה֙ לְשָׂרֶ֔יהָ לְכֹהֲנֶ֖יהָ וּלְעַ֥ם הָאָֽרֶץ׃ [For, behold, I have made thee this day a fortified city, and an iron pillar, and brazen walls, against the whole land, against the kings of Judah, against the princes thereof, against the priests thereof, and against the people of the land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.17/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:17 # text = וַאֲנִ֞י הִנֵּ֧ה נְתַתִּ֣יךָ הַיּ֗וֹם לְעִ֨יר מִבְצָ֜ר וּלְעַמּ֥וּד בַּרְזֶ֛ל וּלְחֹמ֥וֹת נְחֹ֖שֶׁת עַל־כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ לְמַלְכֵ֤י יְהוּדָה֙ לְשָׂרֶ֔יהָ לְכֹהֲנֶ֖יהָ וּלְעַ֥ם הָאָֽרֶץ׃ # verse = JER.1.18 1-2 וַאֲנִ֞י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_1:18!1|MId=o240010180011|Strong=2050b 2 אֲנִ֞י אֲנִי PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 24 dislocated _ Gloss=I|Ref=JER_1:18!1|MId=o240010180012|Strong=0589|Type=personal 3 הִנֵּ֧ה הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 24 discourse _ Gloss=here!|Ref=JER_1:18!2|MId=o240010180021|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 4-5 נְתַתִּ֣יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 נְתַתִּ֣י נָתַן VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 24 parataxis _ Gloss=I|Ref=JER_1:18!3|MId=o240010180031|Strong=5414|Frame=A0:240010150091;A1:240010180032;|Type=qatal 5 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 4 obj _ Gloss=have.made.you|Ref=JER_1:18!3|MId=o240010180032|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 6-7 הַיּ֗וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=this|Ref=JER_1:18!4|MId=o240010180041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 יּ֗וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=day|Ref=JER_1:18!4|MId=o240010180042|Strong=3117 8-9 לְעִ֨יר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=into|Ref=JER_1:18!5|MId=o240010180051|Strong=3807a 9 עִ֨יר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=a.city|Ref=JER_1:18!5|MId=o240010180052|Strong=5892 10 מִבְצָ֜ר מִבְצָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.fortification|Ref=JER_1:18!6|MId=o240010180061|Strong=4013 11-13 וּלְעַמּ֥וּד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_1:18!7|MId=o240010180071|Strong=2050b 12 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=into|Ref=JER_1:18!7|MId=o240010180072|Strong=3807a 13 עַמּ֥וּד עַמּוּד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 conj _ Gloss=a.pillar|Ref=JER_1:18!7|MId=o240010180073|Strong=5982 14 בַּרְזֶ֛ל בַּרְזֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.iron|Ref=JER_1:18!8|MId=o240010180081|Strong=1270 15-17 וּלְחֹמ֥וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_1:18!9|MId=o240010180091|Strong=2050b 16 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=into|Ref=JER_1:18!9|MId=o240010180092|Strong=3807a 17 חֹמ֥וֹת חוֹמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 9 conj _ Gloss=walls|Ref=JER_1:18!9|MId=o240010180093|Strong=2346 18 נְחֹ֖שֶׁת נְחֹשֶׁת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.bronze|Ref=JER_1:18!10|MId=o240010180101|Strong=5178 19 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JER_1:18!11|MId=o240010180111|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 20 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=JER_1:18!12|MId=o240010180121|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 21-22 הָאָ֑רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JER_1:18!13|MId=o240010180131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 אָ֑רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=land|Ref=JER_1:18!13|MId=o240010180132|Strong=0776 23-24 לְמַלְכֵ֤י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_1:18!14|MId=o240010180141|Strong=3807a 24 מַלְכֵ֤י מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 0 root _ Gloss=the.kings|Ref=JER_1:18!14|MId=o240010180142|Strong=4428 25 יְהוּדָה֙ יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 24 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Judah|Ref=JER_1:18!15|MId=o240010180151|Strong=3063 26-28 לְשָׂרֶ֔יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_1:18!16|MId=o240010180161|Strong=3807a 27 שָׂרֶ֔י שַׂר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 24 conj _ Gloss=officials|Ref=JER_1:18!16|MId=o240010180162|Strong=8269 28 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=JER_1:18!16|MId=o240010180163|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 29-31 לְכֹהֲנֶ֖יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_1:18!17|MId=o240010180171|Strong=3807a 30 כֹהֲנֶ֖י כֹּהֵן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 24 conj _ Gloss=priests|Ref=JER_1:18!17|MId=o240010180172|Strong=3548 31 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=JER_1:18!17|MId=o240010180173|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 32-34 וּלְעַ֥ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_1:18!18|MId=o240010180181|Strong=2050b 33 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_1:18!18|MId=o240010180182|Strong=3807a 34 עַ֥ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 24 conj _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JER_1:18!18|MId=o240010180183|Strong=5971 35-36 הָאָֽרֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 36 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JER_1:18!19|MId=o240010180191|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 36 אָֽרֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 34 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.land|Ref=JER_1:18!19|MId=o240010180192|Strong=0776 37 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 36 punct _ Ref=JER_1:18!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | נְתַתִּי *I* | qatal · qal | | ךָ *have made you* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲנָא הָא יְהַבְתָּךְ יוֹמָא דֵין תַּקִיף כְּקִרְיָה כְרִיכָא וּכְעַמוּדָא דְבַרְזֶל וּכְשׁוּר דִנְחָשׁ לְאַשְׁקָאָה כָּס דִלְוָט לְכָל יַתְבֵי אַרְעָא לְמַלְכָּא דְבֵית יְהוּדָה לְרַבְרְבָהָא לְכַהֲנָהָא וּלְעַמָא דְאַרְעָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [For, behold, I have made thee this day a fortified city, and an iron pillar, and brazen walls, against the whole land, against the kings of Judah, against the princes thereof, against the priests thereof, and against the people of the land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.17/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:17`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 1:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.1.17/) - next →: [Jeremiah 1:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.1.19/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/1/)