--- title: Jeremiah 2:31 — O generation, see ye the word of the LORD: have I been a wilderness… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: O generation, see ye the word of the LORD: have I been a wilderness unto Israel? or a land of thick darkness? Wherefore say My people: 'We roam at large; we will come no more unto Thee'? Who acts: ye, I, people, We. Jeremiah 2:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.2.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/2/) / 2:31 # Jeremiah 2:31 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** ye, I, people, We · **What happens:** see, be, word, say, roam, come · **To what, where:** word, wilderness, LORD, large · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Jeremiah 2:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — ye, I, people, We — and what happens in the verse to word, wilderness, LORD, large, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. הַדּ֗וֹר אַתֶּם֙ רְא֣וּ דְבַר־יְהוָ֔ה הֲמִדְבָּ֤ר הָיִ֙יתִי֙ לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אִ֛ם אֶ֥רֶץ מַאְפֵּ֖לְיָ֑ה מַדּ֜וּעַ אָמְר֤וּ עַמִּי֙ רַ֔דְנוּ לֽוֹא־נָב֥וֹא ע֖וֹד אֵלֶֽיךָ׃ [O generation, see ye the word of the LORD: have I been a wilderness unto Israel? or a land of thick darkness?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.57/) [Wherefore say My people: 'We roam at large; we will come no more unto Thee'?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.58/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:49 # text = הַדּ֗וֹר אַתֶּם֙ רְא֣וּ דְבַר־יְהוָ֔ה הֲמִדְבָּ֤ר הָיִ֙יתִי֙ לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אִ֛ם אֶ֥רֶץ מַאְפֵּ֖לְיָ֑ה מַדּ֜וּעַ אָמְר֤וּ עַמִּי֙ רַ֔דְנוּ לֽוֹא־נָב֥וֹא ע֖וֹד אֵלֶֽיךָ׃ # verse = JER.2.31 1-2 הַדּ֗וֹר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 2 det _ Gloss=O|Ref=JER_2:31!1|MId=o240020310011|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 2 דּ֗וֹר דּוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 dislocated _ Gloss=generation|Ref=JER_2:31!1|MId=o240020310012|Strong=1755 3 אַתֶּם֙ אַתֶּם PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=JER_2:31!2|MId=o240020310021|Strong=0859a|Type=personal 4 רְא֣וּ רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=consider|Ref=JER_2:31!3|MId=o240020310031|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:240020310021;A1:240020310041;|Type=imperative 5 דְבַר־ דָּבָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obj _ Gloss=the.word|Ref=JER_2:31!4|MId=o240020310041|Strong=1697|SpaceAfter=No 6 יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=JER_2:31!5|MId=o240020310051|Strong=3068 7-8 הֲמִדְבָּ֤ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 הֲ הֲ PART _ _ 8 advmod _ Gloss=a|Ref=JER_2:31!6|MId=o240020310061|Strong=1886b|Type=interrogative 8 מִדְבָּ֤ר מִדְבָּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 parataxis _ Gloss=wilderness?|Ref=JER_2:31!6|MId=o240020310062|Strong=4057 9 הָיִ֙יתִי֙ הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 8 cop _ Gloss=have.I.been|Ref=JER_2:31!7|MId=o240020310071|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:240020310051;|Type=qatal 10-11 לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_2:31!8|MId=o240020310081|Strong=3807a 11 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 8 obl _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=JER_2:31!8|MId=o240020310082|Strong=3478 12 אִ֛ם אִם SCONJ _ _ 13 mark _ Gloss=or?|Ref=JER_2:31!9|MId=o240020310091|Strong=0518 13 אֶ֥רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 8 parataxis _ Gloss=a.land|Ref=JER_2:31!10|MId=o240020310101|Strong=0776 14 מַאְפֵּ֖לְיָ֑ה מַאְפֵּלְיָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 13 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.darkness|Ref=JER_2:31!11|MId=o240020310111|Strong=3991 15 מַדּ֜וּעַ מַדּוּעַ ADV _ _ 16 advmod _ Gloss=why?|Ref=JER_2:31!12|MId=o240020310121|Strong=4069|Type=interrogative 16 אָמְר֤וּ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 4 parataxis _ Gloss=have.they.said|Ref=JER_2:31!13|MId=o240020310131|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:240020310141;A1:240020310151;240020310171;|Type=qatal 17-18 עַמִּי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 עַמּ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ Gloss=people|Ref=JER_2:31!14|MId=o240020310141|Strong=5971 18 ִי֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=JER_2:31!14|MId=o240020310142|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 19 רַ֔דְנוּ רוּד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 16 ccomp _ Gloss=we.have.roamed.freely|Ref=JER_2:31!15|MId=o240020310151|Strong=7300|Frame=A0:240020310141;|Type=qatal 20 לֽוֹא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 21 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JER_2:31!16|MId=o240020310161|Strong=3808|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 21 נָב֥וֹא בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 19 parataxis _ Gloss=we.will.come|Ref=JER_2:31!17|MId=o240020310171|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:240020310141;|Type=yiqtol 22 ע֖וֹד עוֹד ADV _ _ 21 advmod _ Gloss=again|Ref=JER_2:31!18|MId=o240020310181|Strong=5750 23-24 אֵלֶֽיךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 אֵלֶֽי אֶל ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_2:31!19|MId=o240020310191|Strong=0413 24 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 21 obl _ Gloss=you|Ref=JER_2:31!19|MId=o240020310192|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 25 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 24 punct _ Ref=JER_2:31!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | רְאוּ *consider* | imperative · qal | אַתֶּם *you* | דְבַר־ *the word* | | | | הָיִיתִי *have I been* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *of Yahweh* | | | | | אָמְרוּ *have they said* | qatal · qal | עַמּ *people* | רַדְנוּ *we have roamed freely* + נָבוֹא *we will come* | | | | רַדְנוּ *we have roamed freely* | qatal · qal | עַמּ *people* | | | | | **not** נָבוֹא *we will come* | yiqtol · qal | עַמּ *people* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} עַם דָרָא אַתּוּן קַבִּילוּ פִּתְגָמָא דַייָ הָא כְּמִדְבָּר צָדֵי דְלֵית בֵּיהּ הֲנָאָה וַהֲוָה מֵימְרִי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אִם כַּאֲרַע חוּרְבָּא מַה דֵין אֲמָרוּ עַמִי אִטַלְטֵילְנָא לָא נְתוּב עוֹד לְפוּלְחָנָךְ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [O generation, see ye the word of the LORD: have I been a wilderness unto Israel? or a land of thick darkness?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.57/) 2. [Wherefore say My people: 'We roam at large; we will come no more unto Thee'?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.58/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:49`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 2:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.2.30/) - next →: [Jeremiah 2:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.2.32/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/2/)