--- title: Jeremiah 31:18 — I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself: 'Thou hast chastised… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself: 'Thou hast chastised me, and I was chastised, as a calf untrained; turn thou me, and I shall be turned, for Thou art the LORD my God. Who acts: I, Ephraim, Thou. Jeremiah 31:18 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragma --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.31.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/31/) / 31:18 # Jeremiah 31:18 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** I, Ephraim, Thou · **What happens:** hear, bemoan, chastise, turn, be · **To what, where:** Ephraim, me, I, LORD · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Jeremiah 31:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — I, Ephraim, Thou — and what happens in the verse to Ephraim, me, I, LORD, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. שָׁמ֣וֹעַ שָׁמַ֗עְתִּי אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙ מִתְנוֹדֵ֔ד יִסַּרְתַּ֙נִי֙ וָֽאִוָּסֵ֔ר כְּעֵ֖גֶל לֹ֣א לֻמָּ֑ד הֲשִׁיבֵ֣נִי וְאָשׁ֔וּבָה כִּ֥י אַתָּ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי׃ [I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself: 'Thou hast chastised me, and I was chastised, as a calf untrained; turn thou me, and I shall be turned, for Thou art the LORD my God.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.850/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:761 # text = שָׁמ֣וֹעַ שָׁמַ֗עְתִּי אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙ מִתְנוֹדֵ֔ד יִסַּרְתַּ֙נִי֙ וָֽאִוָּסֵ֔ר כְּעֵ֖גֶל לֹ֣א לֻמָּ֑ד הֲשִׁיבֵ֣נִי וְאָשׁ֔וּבָה כִּ֥י אַתָּ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי׃ # verse = JER.31.18 1 שָׁמ֣וֹעַ שָׁמַע VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 obl:npmod _ Gloss=indeed.(hear)|Ref=JER_31:18!1|MId=o240310180011|Strong=8085|Type=infinitive_absolute 2 שָׁמַ֗עְתִּי שָׁמַע VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 0 root _ Gloss=I.have.heard|Ref=JER_31:18!2|MId=o240310180021|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:240310170051;A1:240310180041;|Type=qatal 3 אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙ אֶפְרַיִם PROPN _ _ 4 nsubj _ Gloss=Ephraim|Ref=JER_31:18!3|MId=o240310180031|Strong=0669 4 מִתְנוֹדֵ֔ד נוּד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HITHPOLEL|Number=Sing 2 ccomp _ Gloss=bemoaning.itself|Ref=JER_31:18!4|MId=o240310180041|Strong=5110|Frame=A0:240310180031;|Type=participle_active 5-6 יִסַּרְתַּ֙נִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 יִסַּרְתַּ֙ יָסַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 parataxis _ Gloss=you|Ref=JER_31:18!5|MId=o240310180051|Strong=3256|Frame=A0:240310170051;A1:240310180052;|Type=qatal 6 נִי֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 obj _ Gloss=have.disciplined.me|Ref=JER_31:18!5|MId=o240310180052|Strong=5204a|Type=pronominal 7-8 וָֽאִוָּסֵ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וָֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_31:18!6|MId=o240310180061|Strong=2050b 8 אִוָּסֵ֔ר יָסַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 5 conj _ Gloss=I.was.disciplined|Ref=JER_31:18!6|MId=o240310180062|Strong=3256|Frame=A1:240310180031;|Type=wayyiqtol 9-10 כְּעֵ֖גֶל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 כְּ כְּ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=JER_31:18!7|MId=o240310180071|Strong=3509a 10 עֵ֖גֶל עֵגֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obl _ Gloss=a.calf|Ref=JER_31:18!7|MId=o240310180072|Strong=5695 11 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 12 advmod _ Gloss=[which].not|Ref=JER_31:18!8|MId=o240310180081|Strong=3808|Type=negative 12 לֻמָּ֑ד לָמַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PUAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 10 acl _ Gloss=it.had.been.trained|Ref=JER_31:18!9|MId=o240310180091|Strong=3925|Frame=A1:240310180072;|Type=qatal 13-14 הֲשִׁיבֵ֣נִי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הֲשִׁיב שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 parataxis _ Gloss=restore|Ref=JER_31:18!10|MId=o240310180101|Strong=7725|Frame=AA:240310170051;A0:240310180102;|Type=imperative 14 ֵ֣נִי הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 13 obj _ Gloss=me|Ref=JER_31:18!10|MId=o240310180102|Strong=5204a|Type=pronominal 15-16 וְאָשׁ֔וּבָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=so|Ref=JER_31:18!11|MId=o240310180111|Strong=2050b 16 אָשׁ֔וּבָה שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 13 conj _ Gloss=that.I.may.return|Ref=JER_31:18!11|MId=o240310180112|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:240310180031;|Type=cohortative 17 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 19 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JER_31:18!12|MId=o240310180121|Strong=3588 18 אַתָּ֖ה אַתָּה PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 19 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=JER_31:18!13|MId=o240310180131|Strong=0859|Type=personal 19 יְהוָ֥ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 2 advcl _ Gloss=[are].Yahweh|Ref=JER_31:18!14|MId=o240310180141|Strong=3068 20-21 אֱלֹהָֽי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 אֱלֹה אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 19 appos _ Gloss=God|Ref=JER_31:18!15|MId=o240310180151|Strong=0430 21 ָֽי הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=JER_31:18!15|MId=o240310180152|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 22 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 21 punct _ Ref=JER_31:18!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | שָׁמַעְתִּי *I have heard* | qatal · qal | | מִתְנוֹדֵד *bemoaning itself* | | | | מִתְנוֹדֵד *bemoaning itself* | participle active · hithpolel | אֶפְרַיִם *Ephraim* | | | | | יִסַּרְתַּ *you* | qatal · piel | | נִי *have disciplined me* | | | | אִוָּסֵר *I was disciplined* | wayyiqtol · niphal | | אֶפְרַיִם *Ephraim* | | | | **not** לֻמָּד *it had been trained* | qatal · pual | | עֵגֶל *a calf* | | | | הֲשִׁיב *restore* | imperative · hiphil | ֵנִי *me* | | | | | אָשׁוּבָה *that I may return* | cohortative · qal | אֶפְרַיִם *Ephraim* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} שְׁמִיעַ וּגְלֵי קָדָמַי בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל דְּבָכַן וּמִתְאַנְחִין עַל דְאִטַלְטָלוּ אָמְרִין אַיְתֵיתָא עֲלָן יְסוּרִין וְלָא אֲלֵיפְנָא כְּעֵגַל לָא מַלִיף נִיר כְּדוּ אָתֵיבְנָא לְפוּלְחָנָךְ וּנְתֵיב אֲרֵי אַתְּ יְיָ אֱלָהָנָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself: 'Thou hast chastised me, and I was chastised, as a calf untrained; turn thou me, and I shall be turned, for Thou art the LORD my God.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.850/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:761`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 31:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.31.17/) - next →: [Jeremiah 31:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.31.19/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/31/)