--- title: Jeremiah 41:18 — because of the Chaldeans; for they were afraid of them, because Ishm… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: because of the Chaldeans; for they were afraid of them, because Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, whom the king of Babylon made governor over the land. Who acts: Johanan, Ishmael, king. Jeremiah 41:18 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.41.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 41](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/41/) / 41:18 # Jeremiah 41:18 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** Johanan, Ishmael, king · **What happens:** be, slay, make · **To what, where:** Gedaliah, governor, son, land This is Jeremiah 41:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Johanan, Ishmael, king — and what happens in the verse to Gedaliah, governor, son, land, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. מִפְּנֵי֙ הַכַּשְׂדִּ֔ים כִּ֥י יָרְא֖וּ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם כִּֽי־הִכָּ֞ה יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל בֶּן־נְתַנְיָ֗ה אֶת־גְּדַלְיָ֙הוּ֙ בֶּן־אֲחִיקָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־הִפְקִ֥יד מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֖ל בָּאָֽרֶץ׃ס [because of the Chaldeans; for they were afraid of them, because Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, whom the king of Babylon made governor over the land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1127/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:1027 # text = מִפְּנֵי֙ הַכַּשְׂדִּ֔ים כִּ֥י יָרְא֖וּ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם כִּֽי־הִכָּ֞ה יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל בֶּן־נְתַנְיָ֗ה אֶת־גְּדַלְיָ֙הוּ֙ בֶּן־אֲחִיקָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־הִפְקִ֥יד מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֖ל בָּאָֽרֶץ׃ס # verse = JER.41.18 1-2 מִפְּנֵי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 2 case _ Gloss=because|Ref=JER_41:18!1|MId=o240410180011|Strong=4480 2 פְּנֵי֙ פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 0 root _ Gloss=of|Ref=JER_41:18!1|MId=o240410180012|Strong=6440 3-4 הַכַּשְׂדִּ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 4 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JER_41:18!2|MId=o240410180021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 כַּשְׂדִּ֔ים כַּשְׂדִּים PROPN _ _ 2 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Chaldeans|Ref=JER_41:18!2|MId=o240410180022|Strong=3778 5 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 6 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JER_41:18!3|MId=o240410180031|Strong=3588 6 יָרְא֖וּ יָרֵא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 advcl _ Gloss=they.were.afraid|Ref=JER_41:18!4|MId=o240410180041|Strong=3372|Frame=A0:240410160021;240410160061;240410160281;240410160312;240410160322;240410160332;|Type=qatal 7-9 מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=of|Ref=JER_41:18!5|MId=o240410180051|Strong=4480 8 פְּנֵי פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 6 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=JER_41:18!5|MId=o240410180052|Strong=6440 9 הֶ֑ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ Gloss=them|Ref=JER_41:18!5|MId=o240410180053|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 10 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 11 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JER_41:18!6|MId=o240410180061|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 11 הִכָּ֞ה נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 advcl _ Gloss=he.had.struck.down|Ref=JER_41:18!7|MId=o240410180071|Strong=5221|Frame=AA:240410180081;A0:240410180121;|Type=qatal 12 יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל יִשְׁמָעֵאל PROPN _ _ 11 nsubj _ Gloss=Ishmael|Ref=JER_41:18!8|MId=o240410180081|Strong=3458 13 בֶּן־ בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 appos _ Gloss=the.son|Ref=JER_41:18!9|MId=o240410180091|Strong=1121|SpaceAfter=No 14 נְתַנְיָ֗ה נְתַנְיָה PROPN _ _ 13 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Nethaniah|Ref=JER_41:18!10|MId=o240410180101|Strong=5418 15 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JER_41:18!11|MId=o240410180111|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 16 גְּדַלְיָ֙הוּ֙ גְּדַלְיָהוּ PROPN _ _ 11 obj _ Gloss=Gedaliah|Ref=JER_41:18!12|MId=o240410180121|Strong=1436a 17 בֶּן־ בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 appos _ Gloss=the.son|Ref=JER_41:18!13|MId=o240410180131|Strong=1121|SpaceAfter=No 18 אֲחִיקָ֔ם אֲחִיקָם PROPN _ _ 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Ahikam|Ref=JER_41:18!14|MId=o240410180141|Strong=0296 19 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 20 mark _ Gloss=whom|Ref=JER_41:18!15|MId=o240410180151|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 20 הִפְקִ֥יד פָּקַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 16 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.appointed|Ref=JER_41:18!16|MId=o240410180161|Strong=6485|Frame=AA:240410180171;A0:240410180121;|Type=qatal 21 מֶֽלֶךְ־ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=JER_41:18!17|MId=o240410180171|Strong=4428|SpaceAfter=No 22 בָּבֶ֖ל בָּבֶל PROPN _ _ 21 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Babylon|Ref=JER_41:18!18|MId=o240410180181|Strong=0894 23-25 בָּאָֽרֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 בָּ בְּ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=JER_41:18!19|MId=o240410180191|Strong=0871a 24 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 25 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JER_41:18!19|MId=o240410180191ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 25 אָֽרֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 20 obl _ Gloss=land|Ref=JER_41:18!19|MId=o240410180192|Strong=0776 26 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 25 punct _ Ref=JER_41:18!19|SpaceAfter=No 27 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 25 punct _ Ref=JER_41:18!19 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יָרְאוּ *they were afraid* | qatal · qal | | | | | | הִכָּה *he had struck down* | qatal · hiphil | גְּדַלְיָהוּ *Gedaliah* | | | יִשְׁמָעֵאל *Ishmael* | | הִפְקִיד *he had appointed* | qatal · hiphil | גְּדַלְיָהוּ *Gedaliah* | | | מֶֽלֶךְ־ *the king* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} מִן קֳדָם כַּסְדָאֵי אֲרֵי דְחִילוּ מִן קֳדָמֵיהוֹן אֲרֵי קְטַל יִשְׁמָעֵאל בַּר נְתַנְיָה יַת גְדַלְיָה בַּר אֲחִיקַם דְמַנֵי מַלְכָּא דְבָבֶל בְּאַרְעָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [because of the Chaldeans; for they were afraid of them, because Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, whom the king of Babylon made governor over the land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1127/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:1027`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 41:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.41.17/) - next →: [Jeremiah 42:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.42.1/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 41](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/41/)