--- title: Jeremiah 44:2 — 'Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: Ye have seen all t… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: 'Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: Ye have seen all the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and, behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein; Who acts: LORD, Ye, I, cities. Jeremiah 44:2 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.44.2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/44/) / 44:2 # Jeremiah 44:2 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** LORD, Ye, I, cities, man · **What happens:** say, see, bring, be, dwell · **To what, where:** evil, desolation · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Jeremiah 44:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — LORD, Ye, I, cities, man — and what happens in the verse to evil, desolation, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כֹּה־אָמַ֞ר יְהוָ֤ה צְבָאוֹת֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֗ם אֵ֤ת כָּל־הָֽרָעָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֵבֵ֙אתִי֙ עַל־יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וְעַ֖ל כָּל־עָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֑ה וְהִנָּ֤ם חָרְבָּה֙ הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה וְאֵ֥ין בָּהֶ֖ם יוֹשֵֽׁב׃ ['Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: Ye have seen all the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and, behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1164/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:1064 # text = כֹּה־אָמַ֞ר יְהוָ֤ה צְבָאוֹת֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֗ם אֵ֤ת כָּל־הָֽרָעָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֵבֵ֙אתִי֙ עַל־יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וְעַ֖ל כָּל־עָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֑ה וְהִנָּ֤ם חָרְבָּה֙ הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה וְאֵ֥ין בָּהֶ֖ם יוֹשֵֽׁב׃ # verse = JER.44.2 1 כֹּה־ כֹּה ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ Gloss=thus|Ref=JER_44:2!1|MId=o240440020011|Strong=3541|SpaceAfter=No 2 אָמַ֞ר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.says|Ref=JER_44:2!2|MId=o240440020021|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:240440020031;|Type=qatal 3 יְהוָ֤ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JER_44:2!3|MId=o240440020031|Strong=3068 4 צְבָאוֹת֙ צָבָא NOUN _ Number=Plur 3 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.hosts|Ref=JER_44:2!4|MId=o240440020041|Strong=6635 5 אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 3 appos _ Gloss=the.God|Ref=JER_44:2!5|MId=o240440020051|Strong=0430 6 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JER_44:2!6|MId=o240440020061|Strong=3478 7 אַתֶּ֣ם אַתֶּם PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 8 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=JER_44:2!7|MId=o240440020071|Strong=0859a|Type=personal 8 רְאִיתֶ֗ם רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 2 ccomp _ Gloss=you.have.seen|Ref=JER_44:2!8|MId=o240440020081|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:240440020071;A1:240440020112;|Type=qatal 9 אֵ֤ת אֵת ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JER_44:2!9|MId=o240440020091|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 10 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JER_44:2!10|MId=o240440020101|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 11-12 הָֽרָעָה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 12 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JER_44:2!11|MId=o240440020111|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 רָעָה֙ רָעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=calamity|Ref=JER_44:2!11|MId=o240440020112|Strong=7451b 13 אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 14 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JER_44:2!12|MId=o240440020121|Strong=0834|Type=relative 14 הֵבֵ֙אתִי֙ בּוֹא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=1 10 acl:relcl _ Gloss=I.brought|Ref=JER_44:2!13|MId=o240440020131|Strong=0935|Frame=AA:240440020031;A0:240440020112;|Type=qatal 15 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JER_44:2!14|MId=o240440020141|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 16 יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ͏ם PROPN _ _ 14 obl _ Gloss=Jerusalem|Ref=JER_44:2!15|MId=o240440020151|Strong=3389 17-18 וְעַ֖ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:2!16|MId=o240440020161|Strong=2050b 18 עַ֖ל עַל ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JER_44:2!16|MId=o240440020162|Strong=5921 19 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JER_44:2!17|MId=o240440020171|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 20 עָרֵ֣י עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 19 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.cities|Ref=JER_44:2!18|MId=o240440020181|Strong=5892 21 יְהוּדָ֑ה יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Judah|Ref=JER_44:2!19|MId=o240440020191|Strong=3063 22-24 וְהִנָּ֤ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:2!20|MId=o240440020201|Strong=2050b 23 הִנּ הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 25 nsubj _ Gloss=there|Ref=JER_44:2!20|MId=o240440020202|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 24 ָ֤ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ Gloss=they|Ref=JER_44:2!20|MId=o240440020203|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 25 חָרְבָּה֙ חׇרְבָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 conj _ Gloss=[are].a.ruin|Ref=JER_44:2!21|MId=o240440020211|Strong=2723 26-27 הַיּ֣וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 27 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JER_44:2!22|MId=o240440020221|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 27 יּ֣וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=day|Ref=JER_44:2!22|MId=o240440020222|Strong=3117 28-29 הַזֶּ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 29 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JER_44:2!23|MId=o240440020231|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 29 זֶּ֔ה זֶה DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 27 det _ Gloss=this|Ref=JER_44:2!23|MId=o240440020232|Strong=2088|Type=demonstrative 30-31 וְאֵ֥ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 31 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:2!24|MId=o240440020241|Strong=2050b 31 אֵ֥ין אַיִן ADV _ _ 8 conj _ Gloss=there.[is].not|Ref=JER_44:2!24|MId=o240440020242|Strong=0369|Type=negative 32-33 בָּהֶ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 33 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JER_44:2!25|MId=o240440020251|Strong=0871a 33 ָהֶ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=JER_44:2!25|MId=o240440020252|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 34 יוֹשֵֽׁב יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 31 nsubj _ Gloss=an.inhabitant|Ref=JER_44:2!26|MId=o240440020261|Strong=3427|Type=participle_active|SpaceAfter=No 35 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 34 punct _ Ref=JER_44:2!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | אָמַר *he says* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | **not** רְאִיתֶם *you have seen* | qatal · qal | אַתֶּם *you* | רָעָה *calamity* | | | | הֵבֵאתִי *I brought* | qatal · hiphil | רָעָה *calamity* | | | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} כִּדְנַן אֲמַר יְיָ צְבָאוֹת אֱלָהָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל אַתּוּן חֲזֵיתוּן יַת כָּל בִּישְׁתָא דְאַיְתֵיתִי עַל יְרוּשְׁלֵם וְעַל כָּל קִרְוַיָא דְבֵית יְהוּדָה וְאִינוּן חָרְבָּא יוֹמָא דֵין וְלֵית בְּהוֹן יָתֵיב: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. ['Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: Ye have seen all the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and, behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1164/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:1064`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 44:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.44.1/) - next →: [Jeremiah 44:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.44.3/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/44/)