--- title: Jeremiah 44:23 — Because ye have offered, and because ye have sinned against the LORD… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Because ye have offered, and because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not hearkened to the voice of the LORD, nor walked in His law, nor in His statutes, nor in His testimonies; therefore this evil is happened unto you, as at this day.' Who acts: ye, LORD. Jeremiah 44:23 in Hebrew with its --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.44.23/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/44/) / 44:23 # Jeremiah 44:23 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** ye, LORD · **What happens:** offer, sin, not hearken, walk, happen, testify · **To what, where:** law, evil This is Jeremiah 44:23 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — ye, LORD — and what happens in the verse to law, evil, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. מִפְּנֵי֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר קִטַּרְתֶּ֜ם וַאֲשֶׁ֧ר חֲטָאתֶ֣ם לַיהוָ֗ה וְלֹ֤א שְׁמַעְתֶּם֙ בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֔ה וּבְתֹרָת֧וֹ וּבְחֻקֹּתָ֛יו וּבְעֵדְוֺתָ֖יו לֹ֣א הֲלַכְתֶּ֑ם עַל־כֵּ֞ן קָרָ֥את אֶתְכֶ֛ם הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את כַּיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ס [Because ye have offered, and because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not hearkened to the voice of the LORD, nor walked in His law, nor in His statutes, nor in His testimonies; therefore this evil is happened unto you, as at this day.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1185/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:1085 # text = מִפְּנֵי֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר קִטַּרְתֶּ֜ם וַאֲשֶׁ֧ר חֲטָאתֶ֣ם לַיהוָ֗ה וְלֹ֤א שְׁמַעְתֶּם֙ בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֔ה וּבְתֹרָת֧וֹ וּבְחֻקֹּתָ֛יו וּבְעֵדְוֺתָ֖יו לֹ֣א הֲלַכְתֶּ֑ם עַל־כֵּ֞ן קָרָ֥את אֶתְכֶ֛ם הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את כַּיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ס # verse = JER.44.23 1-2 מִפְּנֵי֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 2 case _ Gloss=because|Ref=JER_44:23!1|MId=o240440230011|Strong=4480 2 פְּנֵי֩ פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 0 root _ Gloss=|Ref=JER_44:23!1|MId=o240440230012|Strong=6440 3 אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 4 mark _ Gloss=that|Ref=JER_44:23!2|MId=o240440230021|Strong=0834|Type=relative 4 קִטַּרְתֶּ֜ם קָטַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=2 2 acl:relcl _ Gloss=you.made.smoke|Ref=JER_44:23!3|MId=o240440230031|Strong=6999|Frame=A0:240440200052;|Type=qatal 5-6 וַאֲשֶׁ֧ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:23!4|MId=o240440230041|Strong=2050b 6 אֲשֶׁ֧ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 7 mark _ Gloss=that|Ref=JER_44:23!4|MId=o240440230042|Strong=0834|Type=relative 7 חֲטָאתֶ֣ם חָטָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 4 conj _ Gloss=you.had.sinned|Ref=JER_44:23!5|MId=o240440230051|Strong=2398|Frame=A0:240440200052;|Type=qatal 8-9 לַיהוָ֗ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 לַ לְ ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_44:23!6|MId=o240440230061|Strong=3807a 9 יהוָ֗ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 7 obl _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JER_44:23!6|MId=o240440230062|Strong=3068 10-11 וְלֹ֤א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:23!7|MId=o240440230071|Strong=2050b 11 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 12 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JER_44:23!7|MId=o240440230072|Strong=3808|Type=negative 12 שְׁמַעְתֶּם֙ שָׁמַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 7 conj _ Gloss=you.listened|Ref=JER_44:23!8|MId=o240440230081|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:240440200052;|Type=qatal 13-14 בְּק֣וֹל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_44:23!9|MId=o240440230091|Strong=0871a 14 ק֣וֹל קוֹל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=the.voice|Ref=JER_44:23!9|MId=o240440230092|Strong=6963 15 יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 14 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=JER_44:23!10|MId=o240440230101|Strong=3068 16-19 וּבְתֹרָת֧וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 29 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:23!11|MId=o240440230111|Strong=2050b 17 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JER_44:23!11|MId=o240440230112|Strong=0871a 18 תֹרָת תּוֹרָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 29 obl _ Gloss=law|Ref=JER_44:23!11|MId=o240440230113|Strong=8451 19 ֧וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JER_44:23!11|MId=o240440230114|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 20-23 וּבְחֻקֹּתָ֛יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:23!12|MId=o240440230121|Strong=2050b 21 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JER_44:23!12|MId=o240440230122|Strong=0871a 22 חֻקֹּתָ֛י חֻקָּה NOUN _ Number=Plur 18 conj _ Gloss=decrees|Ref=JER_44:23!12|MId=o240440230123|Strong=2708 23 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JER_44:23!12|MId=o240440230124|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 24-27 וּבְעֵדְוֺתָ֖יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 26 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_44:23!13|MId=o240440230131|Strong=2050b 25 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JER_44:23!13|MId=o240440230132|Strong=0871a 26 עֵדְוֺתָ֖י עֵדוּת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 18 conj _ Gloss=testimonies|Ref=JER_44:23!13|MId=o240440230133|Strong=5715 27 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JER_44:23!13|MId=o240440230134|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 28 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 29 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JER_44:23!14|MId=o240440230141|Strong=3808|Type=negative 29 הֲלַכְתֶּ֑ם הָלַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 7 conj _ Gloss=you.walked|Ref=JER_44:23!15|MId=o240440230151|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:240440200052;|Type=qatal 30 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 31 case _ Gloss=therefore|Ref=JER_44:23!16|MId=o240440230161|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 31 כֵּ֞ן כֵּן ADV _ _ 2 conj _ Gloss=|Ref=JER_44:23!17|MId=o240440230171|Strong=3651|Type=demonstrative 32 קָרָ֥את קָרָא VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=it.has.happened.to|Ref=JER_44:23!18|MId=o240440230181|Strong=7122|Frame=A1:240440230192;A0:240440230202;|Type=qatal 33-34 אֶתְכֶ֛ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 אֶת אֵת ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=|Ref=JER_44:23!19|MId=o240440230191|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 34 ְכֶ֛ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 32 obj _ Gloss=you|Ref=JER_44:23!19|MId=o240440230192|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 35-36 הָרָעָ֥ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 36 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JER_44:23!20|MId=o240440230201|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 36 רָעָ֥ה רָעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 32 nsubj _ Gloss=calamity|Ref=JER_44:23!20|MId=o240440230202|Strong=7451b 37-38 הַזֹּ֖את _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 38 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JER_44:23!21|MId=o240440230211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 38 זֹּ֖את זֹאת DET _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 36 det _ Gloss=this|Ref=JER_44:23!21|MId=o240440230212|Strong=2063|Type=demonstrative 39-41 כַּיּ֥וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 41 case _ Gloss=as|Ref=JER_44:23!22|MId=o240440230221|Strong=3509a 40 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 41 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JER_44:23!22|MId=o240440230221ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 41 יּ֥וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 32 obl _ Gloss=day|Ref=JER_44:23!22|MId=o240440230222|Strong=3117 42-43 הַזֶּֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 43 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JER_44:23!23|MId=o240440230231|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 43 זֶּֽה זֶה DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 41 det _ Gloss=this|Ref=JER_44:23!23|MId=o240440230232|Strong=2088|Type=demonstrative 44 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 43 punct _ Ref=JER_44:23!23|SpaceAfter=No 45 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 43 punct _ Ref=JER_44:23!23 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | קִטַּרְתֶּם *you made smoke* | qatal · piel | | | | | | חֲטָאתֶם *you had sinned* | qatal · qal | | | | | | **not** שְׁמַעְתֶּם *you listened* | qatal · qal | | | | | | **not** הֲלַכְתֶּם *you walked* | qatal · qal | | | | | | קָרָאת *it has happened to* | qatal · qal | רָעָה *calamity* | ְכֶם *you* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} מִן קֳדָם דְאַסֵיקְתּוּן בּוּסְמִין וּדְחַבְתּוּן קֳדָם יְיָ וְלָא קַבֵּילְתּוּן לְמֵימְרָא דַייָ וּבְאוֹרַיְתֵיהּ וּבִקְיָמוֹהִי וּבְסָהִדְוָתֵיהּ לָא הֲלֵיכְתּוּן עַל כֵּן עַרְעַת יַתְכוֹן בִּישְׁתָא הָדָא כְּיוֹמָא הָדֵין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Because ye have offered, and because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not hearkened to the voice of the LORD, nor walked in His law, nor in His statutes, nor in His testimonies; therefore this evil is happened unto you, as at this day.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1185/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:1085`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 44:22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.44.22/) - next →: [Jeremiah 44:24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.44.24/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/44/)