--- title: Jeremiah 46:16 — He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said:… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said: 'Arise, and let us return to our own people, and to the land of our birth, from the oppressing sword.' Who acts: LORD, many, Noph, us. Jeremiah 46:16 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.46.16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 46](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/46/) / 46:16 # Jeremiah 46:16 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** LORD, many, Noph, us · **What happens:** make, stumble, fall, say, arise, let · **To what, where:** many, one, us, oppressing sword · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Jeremiah 46:16 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — LORD, many, Noph, us — and what happens in the verse to many, one, us, oppressing sword, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. הִרְבָּ֖ה כּוֹשֵׁ֑ל גַּם־נָפַ֞ל אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ ק֣וּמָה ׀ וְנָשֻׁ֣בָה אֶל־עַמֵּ֗נוּ וְאֶל־אֶ֙רֶץ֙ מֽוֹלַדְתֵּ֔נוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י חֶ֥רֶב הַיּוֹנָֽה׃ [He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said: 'Arise, and let us return to our own people, and to the land of our birth, from the oppressing sword.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1214/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:1113 # text = הִרְבָּ֖ה כּוֹשֵׁ֑ל גַּם־נָפַ֞ל אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ ק֣וּמָה ׀ וְנָשֻׁ֣בָה אֶל־עַמֵּ֗נוּ וְאֶל־אֶ֙רֶץ֙ מֽוֹלַדְתֵּ֔נוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י חֶ֥רֶב הַיּוֹנָֽה׃ # verse = JER.46.16 1 הִרְבָּ֖ה רָבָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.will.multiply|Ref=JER_46:16!1|MId=o240460160011|Strong=7235|Frame=AA:240460150071;A0:240460160021;|Type=qatal 2 כּוֹשֵׁ֑ל כָּשַׁל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 1 obj _ Gloss=[one.who].stumbles|Ref=JER_46:16!2|MId=o240460160021|Strong=3782|Frame=A0:240460150031;|Type=participle_active 3 גַּם־ גַּם ADV _ _ 4 advmod _ Gloss=also|Ref=JER_46:16!3|MId=o240460160031|Strong=1571|Type=affirmation|SpaceAfter=No 4 נָפַ֞ל נָפַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=he.will.fall|Ref=JER_46:16!4|MId=o240460160041|Strong=5307|Frame=A0:240460160051;|Type=qatal 5 אִ֣ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=each|Ref=JER_46:16!5|MId=o240460160051|Strong=0376 6 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_46:16!6|MId=o240460160061|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 7-8 רֵעֵ֗הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 רֵע רֵעַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=neighbor|Ref=JER_46:16!7|MId=o240460160071|Strong=7453 8 ֵ֗הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JER_46:16!7|MId=o240460160072|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 9-10 וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_46:16!8|MId=o240460160081|Strong=2050b 10 יֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=they.said|Ref=JER_46:16!8|MId=o240460160082|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:240460150031;|Type=wayyiqtol 11-12 ק֣וּמָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 ק֣וּמ קוּם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 10 ccomp _ Gloss=arise|Ref=JER_46:16!9|MId=o240460160091|Strong=6965|Frame=A0:240460160071;|Type=imperative 12 ָה ה X _ _ 11 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=JER_46:16!9|MId=o240460160092|Strong=1886j|Type=paragogic_he 13 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 12 punct _ Ref=JER_46:16!9 14-15 וְנָשֻׁ֣בָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_46:16!10|MId=o240460160101|Strong=2050b 15 נָשֻׁ֣בָה שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 11 conj _ Gloss=let.us.return|Ref=JER_46:16!10|MId=o240460160102|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:240460150031;240460160071;|Type=cohortative 16 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_46:16!11|MId=o240460160111|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 17-18 עַמֵּ֗נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 עַמּ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 obl _ Gloss=people|Ref=JER_46:16!12|MId=o240460160121|Strong=5971 18 ֵ֗נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=JER_46:16!12|MId=o240460160122|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 19-20 וְאֶל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_46:16!13|MId=o240460160131|Strong=2050b 20 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JER_46:16!13|MId=o240460160132|Strong=0413 21 אֶ֙רֶץ֙ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 17 conj _ Gloss=the.land|Ref=JER_46:16!14|MId=o240460160141|Strong=0776 22-23 מֽוֹלַדְתֵּ֔נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 מֽוֹלַדְתּ מוֹלֶדֶת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 21 compound:smixut _ Gloss=our.kindred|Ref=JER_46:16!15|MId=o240460160151|Strong=4138 23 ֵ֔נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=JER_46:16!15|MId=o240460160152|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 24-25 מִפְּנֵ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=because|Ref=JER_46:16!16|MId=o240460160161|Strong=4480 25 פְּנֵ֖י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 15 obl _ Gloss=of|Ref=JER_46:16!16|MId=o240460160162|Strong=6440 26 חֶ֥רֶב חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.sword|Ref=JER_46:16!17|MId=o240460160171|Strong=2719 27-28 הַיּוֹנָֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JER_46:16!18|MId=o240460160181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 יּוֹנָֽה יָנָה VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.oppressor|Ref=JER_46:16!18|MId=o240460160182|Strong=3238|Type=participle_active 29 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 28 punct _ Ref=JER_46:16!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הִרְבָּה *he will multiply* | qatal · hiphil | כּוֹשֵׁל *\[one who\] stumbles* | | | | | כּוֹשֵׁל *\[one who\] stumbles* | participle active · qal | | | | | | נָפַל *he will fall* | qatal · qal | אִישׁ *each* | | | | | יֹּֽאמְרוּ *they said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | קוּמ *arise* | imperative · qal | רֵע *neighbor* | | | | | נָשֻׁבָה *let us return* | cohortative · qal | רֵע *neighbor* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} אַסְגִיאוּ מַתְקְלֵיהוֹן אַף אִשְׁתְּמַעוּ גְבַר לְחַבְרֵיהּ וְיֵימְרוּן קוּמוּ וּנְתוּב לְעַמְנָא וּלְאַרְעָא יַלְדוּתָנָא מִן קֳדָם חַרְבָּא דְסָנְאָה דְהִיא כְחַמַר מְרַוְיָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said: 'Arise, and let us return to our own people, and to the land of our birth, from the oppressing sword.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1214/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:1113`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 46:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.46.15/) - next →: [Jeremiah 46:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.46.17/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 46](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/46/)