--- title: Jeremiah 48:45 — In the shadow of Heshbon the fugitives stand without strength; for a… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: In the shadow of Heshbon the fugitives stand without strength; for a fire is gone forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from the midst of Sihon, and it devoureth the corner of Moab, and the crown of the head of the tumultuous ones. Who acts: fugitives, midst. Jeremiah 48:45 in Hebrew with its dependency --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.48.45/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jeremiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/) / [chapter 48](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/48/) / 48:45 # Jeremiah 48:45 יִרְמְיָהוּ **Who acts:** fugitives, midst · **What happens:** stand, go, devour, shadow, crown · **To what, where:** shadow, fire, Heshbon, corner, head This is Jeremiah 48:45 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — fugitives, midst — and what happens in the verse to shadow, fire, Heshbon, corner, head, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 52 chapters of Jeremiah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. בְּצֵ֥ל חֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן עָמְד֖וּ מִכֹּ֣חַ נָסִ֑ים כִּֽי־אֵ֞שׁ יָצָ֣א מֵחֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן וְלֶֽהָבָה֙ מִבֵּ֣ין סִיח֔וֹן וַתֹּ֙אכַל֙ פְּאַ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב וְקָדְקֹ֖ד בְּנֵ֥י שָׁאֽוֹן׃ [In the shadow of Heshbon the fugitives stand without strength; for a fire is gone forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from the midst of Sihon, and it devoureth the corner of Moab, and the crown of the head of the tumultuous ones.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1281/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JER:1177 # text = בְּצֵ֥ל חֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן עָמְד֖וּ מִכֹּ֣חַ נָסִ֑ים כִּֽי־אֵ֞שׁ יָצָ֣א מֵחֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן וְלֶֽהָבָה֙ מִבֵּ֣ין סִיח֔וֹן וַתֹּ֙אכַל֙ פְּאַ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב וְקָדְקֹ֖ד בְּנֵ֥י שָׁאֽוֹן׃ # verse = JER.48.45 1-2 בְּצֵ֥ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 2 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JER_48:45!1|MId=o240480450011|Strong=0871a 2 צֵ֥ל צֵל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=the.shadow|Ref=JER_48:45!1|MId=o240480450012|Strong=6738 3 חֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן חֶשְׁבּוֹן PROPN _ _ 2 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Heshbon|Ref=JER_48:45!2|MId=o240480450021|Strong=2809 4 עָמְד֖וּ עָמַד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.will.stand|Ref=JER_48:45!3|MId=o240480450031|Strong=5975|Frame=A0:240480450051;|Type=qatal 5-6 מִכֹּ֣חַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JER_48:45!4|MId=o240480450041|Strong=4480 6 כֹּ֣חַ כֹּחַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=strength|Ref=JER_48:45!4|MId=o240480450042|Strong=3581 7 נָסִ֑ים נוּס VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ Gloss=[those.who].flee|Ref=JER_48:45!5|MId=o240480450051|Strong=5127|Type=participle_active 8 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 10 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JER_48:45!6|MId=o240480450061|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 9 אֵ֞שׁ אֵשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ Gloss=a.fire|Ref=JER_48:45!7|MId=o240480450071|Strong=0784 10 יָצָ֣א יָצָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 advcl _ Gloss=it.will.go.forth|Ref=JER_48:45!8|MId=o240480450081|Strong=3318|Frame=A0:240480450071;|Type=qatal 11-12 מֵחֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JER_48:45!9|MId=o240480450091|Strong=4480 12 חֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן חֶשְׁבּוֹן PROPN _ _ 10 obl _ Gloss=Heshbon|Ref=JER_48:45!9|MId=o240480450092|Strong=2809 13-14 וְלֶֽהָבָה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 14 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_48:45!10|MId=o240480450101|Strong=2050b 14 לֶֽהָבָה֙ לֶהָבָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 conj _ Gloss=a.flame|Ref=JER_48:45!10|MId=o240480450102|Strong=3852 15-16 מִבֵּ֣ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JER_48:45!11|MId=o240480450111|Strong=4480 16 בֵּ֣ין בֵּין ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=between|Ref=JER_48:45!11|MId=o240480450112|Strong=0996 17 סִיח֔וֹן סִיחוֹן PROPN _ _ 14 obl _ Gloss=Sihon|Ref=JER_48:45!12|MId=o240480450121|Strong=5511 18-19 וַתֹּ֙אכַל֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JER_48:45!13|MId=o240480450131|Strong=2050b 19 תֹּ֙אכַל֙ אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=it.consumed|Ref=JER_48:45!13|MId=o240480450132|Strong=0398|Frame=A0:240480450102;A1:240480450141;240480450162;|Type=wayyiqtol 20 פְּאַ֣ת פֵּאָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 19 obj _ Gloss=the.forehead|Ref=JER_48:45!14|MId=o240480450141|Strong=6285 21 מוֹאָ֔ב מוֹאָב PROPN _ _ 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Moab|Ref=JER_48:45!15|MId=o240480450151|Strong=4124 22-23 וְקָדְקֹ֖ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and.[the]|Ref=JER_48:45!16|MId=o240480450161|Strong=2050b 23 קָדְקֹ֖ד קׇדְקֹד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 conj _ Gloss=crown.of.the.head|Ref=JER_48:45!16|MId=o240480450162|Strong=6936 24 בְּנֵ֥י בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 23 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.[the].sons|Ref=JER_48:45!17|MId=o240480450171|Strong=1121 25 שָׁאֽוֹן שָׁאוֹן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 24 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.uproar|Ref=JER_48:45!18|MId=o240480450181|Strong=7588|SpaceAfter=No 26 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 25 punct _ Ref=JER_48:45!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | עָמְדוּ *they will stand* | qatal · qal | נָסִים *\[those who\] flee* | | | | | יָצָא *it will go forth* | qatal · qal | אֵשׁ *a fire* | | | | | תֹּאכַל *it consumed* | wayyiqtol · qal | לֶֽהָבָה *a flame* | פְּאַת *the forehead* + קָדְקֹד *crown of the head* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} עַל דִאֶשְׁתְּמָעוּ לְיַתְבֵי חֶשְׁבּוֹן גְלוֹ אִתְקְצַר חֵילֵיהוֹן עֲרָקוּ אֲרֵי קִידוּם תַּקִיף כְּאֶשְׁתָּא נְפַק מֵחֶשְׁבוֹן וְעָבְדֵי קְרָבָא כְּשַׁלְהוֹבִיתָא מִבֵּית סִיחוֹן וְקַטִילוּ רַבְרְבֵי מוֹאָב וְיַקִירֵי בְּנֵי אִתְרְגוּשָׁא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [In the shadow of Heshbon the fugitives stand without strength; for a fire is gone forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from the midst of Sihon, and it devoureth the corner of Moab, and the crown of the head of the tumultuous ones.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JER.1281/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JER:1177`. - ← previous: [Jeremiah 48:44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.48.44/) - next →: [Jeremiah 48:46](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.48.46/) - ↑ back to [Jeremiah 48](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER/48/)