--- title: Joel 1:4 — That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the canker-worm eaten; and that which the canker-worm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten. Who acts: palmer worm, locust, canker worm, caterpiller. Joel 1:4 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targu --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.1.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/1/) / 1:4 # Joel 1:4 יוֹאֵל **Who acts:** palmer worm, locust, canker worm, caterpiller · **What happens:** leave, eat · **To what, where:** That This is Joel 1:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — palmer worm, locust, canker worm, caterpiller — and what happens in the verse to That, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 4 chapters of Joel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. יֶ֤תֶר הַגָּזָם֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה וְיֶ֥תֶר הָאַרְבֶּ֖ה אָכַ֣ל הַיָּ֑לֶק וְיֶ֣תֶר הַיֶּ֔לֶק אָכַ֖ל הֶחָסִֽיל׃ [That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the canker-worm eaten; and that which the canker-worm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.4/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOL:3 # text = יֶ֤תֶר הַגָּזָם֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה וְיֶ֥תֶר הָאַרְבֶּ֖ה אָכַ֣ל הַיָּ֑לֶק וְיֶ֣תֶר הַיֶּ֔לֶק אָכַ֖ל הֶחָסִֽיל׃ # verse = JOL.1.4 1 יֶ֤תֶר יֶתֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obj _ Gloss=the.remainder|Ref=JOL_1:4!1|MId=o290010040011|Strong=3499 2-3 הַגָּזָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 3 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOL_1:4!2|MId=o290010040021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 3 גָּזָם֙ גָּזָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.locust[s]|Ref=JOL_1:4!2|MId=o290010040022|Strong=1501 4 אָכַ֣ל אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.has.eaten|Ref=JOL_1:4!3|MId=o290010040031|Strong=0398|Frame=A1:290010040011;A0:290010040042;|Type=qatal 5-6 הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOL_1:4!4|MId=o290010040041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 אַרְבֶּ֔ה אַרְבֶּה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=locust[s]|Ref=JOL_1:4!4|MId=o290010040042|Strong=0697 7-8 וְיֶ֥תֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_1:4!5|MId=o290010040051|Strong=2050b 8 יֶ֥תֶר יֶתֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obj _ Gloss=the.remainder|Ref=JOL_1:4!5|MId=o290010040052|Strong=3499 9-10 הָאַרְבֶּ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOL_1:4!6|MId=o290010040061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 אַרְבֶּ֖ה אַרְבֶּה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.locust[s]|Ref=JOL_1:4!6|MId=o290010040062|Strong=0697 11 אָכַ֣ל אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=it.has.eaten|Ref=JOL_1:4!7|MId=o290010040071|Strong=0398|Frame=A1:290010040052;A0:290010040082;|Type=qatal 12-13 הַיָּ֑לֶק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOL_1:4!8|MId=o290010040081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 יָּ֑לֶק יֶלֶק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ Gloss=locust[s]|Ref=JOL_1:4!8|MId=o290010040082|Strong=3218 14-15 וְיֶ֣תֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_1:4!9|MId=o290010040091|Strong=2050b 15 יֶ֣תֶר יֶתֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 obj _ Gloss=the.remainder|Ref=JOL_1:4!9|MId=o290010040092|Strong=3499 16-17 הַיֶּ֔לֶק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 17 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOL_1:4!10|MId=o290010040101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 17 יֶּ֔לֶק יֶלֶק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.locust[s]|Ref=JOL_1:4!10|MId=o290010040102|Strong=3218 18 אָכַ֖ל אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=it.has.eaten|Ref=JOL_1:4!11|MId=o290010040111|Strong=0398|Frame=A1:290010040092;A0:290010040122;|Type=qatal 19-20 הֶחָסִֽיל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הֶ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOL_1:4!12|MId=o290010040121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 חָסִֽיל חָסִיל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ Gloss=locust[s]|Ref=JOL_1:4!12|MId=o290010040122|Strong=2625 21 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 20 punct _ Ref=JOL_1:4!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | אָכַל *it has eaten* | qatal · qal | אַרְבֶּה *locust\[s\]* | יֶתֶר *the remainder* | | | | אָכַל *it has eaten* | qatal · qal | יָּלֶק *locust\[s\]* | יֶתֶר *the remainder* | | | | אָכַל *it has eaten* | qatal · qal | חָסִֽיל *locust\[s\]* | יֶתֶר *the remainder* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} מוֹתַר זַחֲלָא אֲכַל גוֹבָא וּמוֹתַר גוֹבָא אֲכַל פִּרְחָא וּמוֹתַר פִּרְחָא אֲכַל שְׁמוֹטָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the canker-worm eaten; and that which the canker-worm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.4/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOL:3`. - ← previous: [Joel 1:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.1.3/) - next →: [Joel 1:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.1.5/) - ↑ back to [Joel 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/1/)