--- title: Joel 2:2 — A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, as blackness spread upon the mountains; a great people and a mighty, there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after them, even to the years of many generations. Who acts: blackness. Joel 2:2 in Hebrew with its --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.2.2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/2/) / 2:2 # Joel 2:2 יוֹאֵל **Who acts:** blackness · **What happens:** spread, be · **To what, where:** mountains This is Joel 2:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — blackness — and what happens in the verse to mountains, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 4 chapters of Joel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל כְּשַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽהָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם כָּמֹ֗הוּ לֹ֤א נִֽהְיָה֙ מִן־הָ֣עוֹלָ֔ם וְאַֽחֲרָיו֙ לֹ֣א יוֹסֵ֔ף עַד־שְׁנֵ֖י דּ֥וֹר וָדֽוֹר׃ [A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, as blackness spread upon the mountains; a great people and a mighty, there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after them, even to the years of many generations.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.22/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOL:21 # text = י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל כְּשַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽהָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם כָּמֹ֗הוּ לֹ֤א נִֽהְיָה֙ מִן־הָ֣עוֹלָ֔ם וְאַֽחֲרָיו֙ לֹ֣א יוֹסֵ֔ף עַד־שְׁנֵ֖י דּ֥וֹר וָדֽוֹר׃ # verse = JOL.2.2 1 י֧וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ Gloss=a.day|Ref=JOL_2:2!1|MId=o290020020011|Strong=3117 2 חֹ֣שֶׁךְ חֹשֶׁךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.darkness|Ref=JOL_2:2!2|MId=o290020020021|Strong=2822 3-4 וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:2!3|MId=o290020020031|Strong=2050b 4 אֲפֵלָ֗ה אֲפֵלָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 conj _ Gloss=gloom|Ref=JOL_2:2!3|MId=o290020020032|Strong=0653 5 י֤וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 parataxis _ Gloss=a.day|Ref=JOL_2:2!4|MId=o290020020041|Strong=3117 6 עָנָן֙ עָנָן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.cloud|Ref=JOL_2:2!5|MId=o290020020051|Strong=6051 7-8 וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:2!6|MId=o290020020061|Strong=2050b 8 עֲרָפֶ֔ל עֲרָפֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 conj _ Gloss=thick.darkness|Ref=JOL_2:2!6|MId=o290020020062|Strong=6205 9-10 כְּשַׁ֖חַר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 כְּ כְּ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=JOL_2:2!7|MId=o290020020071|Strong=3509a 10 שַׁ֖חַר שַׁחַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ Gloss=dawn|Ref=JOL_2:2!7|MId=o290020020072|Strong=7837 11 פָּרֻ֣שׂ פָּרַשׂ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 1 parataxis _ Gloss=spread.out|Ref=JOL_2:2!8|MId=o290020020081|Strong=6566|Frame=A1:290020020072;|Type=participle_passive 12 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=JOL_2:2!9|MId=o290020020091|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 13-14 הֶֽהָרִ֑ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הֶֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOL_2:2!10|MId=o290020020101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 הָרִ֑ים הַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 11 obl _ Gloss=mountains|Ref=JOL_2:2!10|MId=o290020020102|Strong=2022 15 עַ֚ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 parataxis _ Gloss=a.people|Ref=JOL_2:2!11|MId=o290020020111|Strong=5971 16 רַ֣ב רַב ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 amod _ Gloss=numerous|Ref=JOL_2:2!12|MId=o290020020121|Strong=7227|Type=adjective 17-18 וְעָצ֔וּם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:2!13|MId=o290020020131|Strong=2050b 18 עָצ֔וּם עָצוּם ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 amod _ Gloss=mighty|Ref=JOL_2:2!13|MId=o290020020132|Strong=6099|Type=adjective 19-20 כָּמֹ֗הוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 כָּמֹ֗ כְּמוֹ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=JOL_2:2!14|MId=o290020020141|Strong=3644 20 הוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 1 parataxis _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOL_2:2!14|MId=o290020020142|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 21 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 20 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOL_2:2!15|MId=o290020020151|Strong=3808|Type=negative 22 נִֽהְיָה֙ הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 20 cop _ Gloss=it.has.occurred|Ref=JOL_2:2!16|MId=o290020020161|Strong=1961|Type=qatal 23 מִן־ מִן ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=since|Ref=JOL_2:2!17|MId=o290020020171|Strong=4480|SpaceAfter=No 24-25 הָ֣עוֹלָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 הָ֣ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 25 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOL_2:2!18|MId=o290020020181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 25 עוֹלָ֔ם עוֹלָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 obl _ Gloss=antiquity|Ref=JOL_2:2!18|MId=o290020020182|Strong=5769 26-28 וְאַֽחֲרָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:2!19|MId=o290020020191|Strong=2050b 27 אַֽחֲרָי אַחַר ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=after|Ref=JOL_2:2!19|MId=o290020020192|Strong=0310 28 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOL_2:2!19|MId=o290020020193|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 29 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 30 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOL_2:2!20|MId=o290020020201|Strong=3808|Type=negative 30 יוֹסֵ֔ף יָסַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=it.will.repeat|Ref=JOL_2:2!21|MId=o290020020211|Strong=3254|Frame=A0:;|Type=yiqtol 31 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=JOL_2:2!22|MId=o290020020221|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 32 שְׁנֵ֖י שָׁנָה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Dual 30 obl _ Gloss=years|Ref=JOL_2:2!23|MId=o290020020231|Strong=8141|Type=cardinal_number 33 דּ֥וֹר דּוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 32 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.a.generation|Ref=JOL_2:2!24|MId=o290020020241|Strong=1755 34-35 וָדֽוֹר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 וָ וְ CCONJ _ _ 35 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:2!25|MId=o290020020251|Strong=2050b 35 דֽוֹר דּוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 33 conj _ Gloss=a.generation|Ref=JOL_2:2!25|MId=o290020020252|Strong=1755 36 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 35 punct _ Ref=JOL_2:2!25 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | פָּרֻשׂ *spread out* | participle passive · qal | | שַׁחַר *dawn* | | | | **not** יוֹסֵף *it will repeat* | yiqtol · hiphil | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} יוֹם חֲשׁוֹךְ וְקִבְלָא יוֹם עֲנָנָא וַאֲמִיטְתָא כִּנְהוֹר צַפְרָא פָּרִיס עַל טוּרַיָא עַם סַגִי וְתַקִיף דִכְוָתֵיהּ לָא הֲוָה מִן עַלְמָא וּבַתְרוֹהִי לָא יוֹסִיף עַד שְׁנֵי דָר וָדָר: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, as blackness spread upon the mountains; a great people and a mighty, there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after them, even to the years of many generations.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.22/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOL:21`. - ← previous: [Joel 2:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.2.1/) - next →: [Joel 2:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.2.3/) - ↑ back to [Joel 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/2/)