--- title: Joel 2:3 — A fire devoureth before them, and behind them a flame blazeth; the l… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: A fire devoureth before them, and behind them a flame blazeth; the land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness; yea, and nothing escapeth them. Who acts: fire, flame, land, nothing. Joel 2:3 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.2.3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/2/) / 2:3 # Joel 2:3 יוֹאֵל **Who acts:** fire, flame, land, nothing · **What happens:** devour, blaze, be, escape · **To what, where:** people This is Joel 2:3 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — fire, flame, land, nothing — and what happens in the verse to people, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 4 chapters of Joel on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. לְפָנָיו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ וְאַחֲרָ֖יו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה כְּגַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץ לְפָנָ֗יו וְאַֽחֲרָיו֙ מִדְבַּ֣ר שְׁמָמָ֔ה וְגַם־פְּלֵיטָ֖ה לֹא־הָ֥יְתָה לּֽוֹ׃ [A fire devoureth before them, and behind them a flame blazeth; the land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness; yea, and nothing escapeth them.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.23/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOL:22 # text = לְפָנָיו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ וְאַחֲרָ֖יו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה כְּגַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץ לְפָנָ֗יו וְאַֽחֲרָיו֙ מִדְבַּ֣ר שְׁמָמָ֔ה וְגַם־פְּלֵיטָ֖ה לֹא־הָ֥יְתָה לּֽוֹ׃ # verse = JOL.2.3 1-3 לְפָנָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 2 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=JOL_2:3!1|MId=o290020030011|Strong=3807a 2 פָנָי פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 4 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=JOL_2:3!1|MId=o290020030012|Strong=6440 3 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 nmod:poss _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOL_2:3!1|MId=o290020030013|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 4 אָ֣כְלָה אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.has.consumed|Ref=JOL_2:3!2|MId=o290020030021|Strong=0398|Frame=A0:290020030031;|Type=qatal 5 אֵ֔שׁ אֵשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=fire|Ref=JOL_2:3!3|MId=o290020030031|Strong=0784 6-8 וְאַחֲרָ֖יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:3!4|MId=o290020030041|Strong=2050b 7 אַחֲרָ֖י אַחַר ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=after|Ref=JOL_2:3!4|MId=o290020030042|Strong=0310 8 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOL_2:3!4|MId=o290020030043|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 9 תְּלַהֵ֣ט לָהַט VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 conj _ Gloss=it.sets.ablaze|Ref=JOL_2:3!5|MId=o290020030051|Strong=3857|Frame=A0:290020030061;|Type=yiqtol 10 לֶֽהָבָ֑ה לֶהָבָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ Gloss=a.flame|Ref=JOL_2:3!6|MId=o290020030061|Strong=3852 11-12 כְּגַן־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 כְּ כְּ ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=[is].like|Ref=JOL_2:3!7|MId=o290020030071|Strong=3509a 12 גַן־ גַּן NOUN _ Number=Sing 4 parataxis _ Gloss=the.garden|Ref=JOL_2:3!7|MId=o290020030072|Strong=1588 13 עֵ֨דֶן עֵדֶן PROPN _ _ 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Eden|Ref=JOL_2:3!8|MId=o290020030081|Strong=5731 14-15 הָאָ֜רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOL_2:3!9|MId=o290020030091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 אָ֜רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ Gloss=land|Ref=JOL_2:3!9|MId=o290020030092|Strong=0776 16-18 לְפָנָ֗יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=JOL_2:3!10|MId=o290020030101|Strong=3807a 17 פָנָ֗י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 12 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=JOL_2:3!10|MId=o290020030102|Strong=6440 18 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOL_2:3!10|MId=o290020030103|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 19-21 וְאַֽחֲרָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:3!11|MId=o290020030111|Strong=2050b 20 אַֽחֲרָי אַחַר ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=after|Ref=JOL_2:3!11|MId=o290020030112|Strong=0310 21 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOL_2:3!11|MId=o290020030113|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 22 מִדְבַּ֣ר מִדְבָּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 conj _ Gloss=a.wilderness|Ref=JOL_2:3!12|MId=o290020030121|Strong=4057 23 שְׁמָמָ֔ה שְׁמָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.desolation|Ref=JOL_2:3!13|MId=o290020030131|Strong=8077 24-25 וְגַם־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 30 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOL_2:3!14|MId=o290020030141|Strong=2050b 25 גַם־ גַּם ADV _ _ 30 advmod _ Gloss=also|Ref=JOL_2:3!14|MId=o290020030142|Strong=1571|Type=affirmation 26 פְּלֵיטָ֖ה פְּלֵיטָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ Gloss=escape|Ref=JOL_2:3!15|MId=o290020030151|Strong=6413 27 לֹא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 30 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOL_2:3!16|MId=o290020030161|Strong=3808|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 28 הָ֥יְתָה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 30 cop _ Gloss=it.belongs|Ref=JOL_2:3!17|MId=o290020030171|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:290020030151;|Type=qatal 29-30 לּֽוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 לּ לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOL_2:3!18|MId=o290020030181|Strong=3807a 30 ֽוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 conj _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOL_2:3!18|MId=o290020030182|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 31 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 30 punct _ Ref=JOL_2:3!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | אָכְלָה *it has consumed* | qatal · qal | אֵשׁ *fire* | | | | | תְּלַהֵט *it sets ablaze* | yiqtol · piel | לֶֽהָבָה *a flame* | | | | | הָיְתָה *it belongs* | qatal · qal | פְּלֵיטָה *escape* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} קֳדָמוֹהִי אֶכְלָא אֶשְׁתָּא וּבַתְרוֹהִי מְשֵׁיצִיָא שַׁלְהוֹבִיתָא כְּגַנָא דְעֵדֶן אַרְעָא קָדָמוֹהִי וּבַתְרוֹהִי מִדְבָּר צָדוּ וְאַף שֵׁיזְבָא לֵית לֵיהּ לְרַשִׁיעַיָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [A fire devoureth before them, and behind them a flame blazeth; the land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness; yea, and nothing escapeth them.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.23/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOL:22`. - ← previous: [Joel 2:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.2.2/) - next →: [Joel 2:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.2.4/) - ↑ back to [Joel 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/2/)