--- title: Jonah 3:8 — but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God; yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands. Who acts: you, man, violence. Jonah 3:8 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON.3.8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Jonah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON/) / [chapter 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON/3/) / 3:8 # Jonah 3:8 יוֹנָה **Who acts:** you, man, violence · **What happens:** let, cover, cry, turn, be · **To what, where:** man, one, evil way, hands This is Jonah 3:8 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — you, man, violence — and what happens in the verse to man, one, evil way, hands, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 4 chapters of Jonah on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה וְיָשֻׁ֗בוּ אִ֚ישׁ מִדַּרְכּ֣וֹ הָֽרָעָ֔ה וּמִן־הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם׃ [but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God; yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JON.37/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JON:34 # text = וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה וְיָשֻׁ֗בוּ אִ֚ישׁ מִדַּרְכּ֣וֹ הָֽרָעָ֔ה וּמִן־הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם׃ # verse = JON.3.8 1-2 וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JON_3:8!1|MId=o320030080011|Strong=2050b 2 יִתְכַּסּ֣וּ כָּסָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HITHPAEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=let.them.cover.themselves|Ref=JON_3:8!1|MId=o320030080012|Strong=3680|Frame=A1:320030080021;A0:320030080032;320030080043;|Type=yiqtol 3 שַׂקִּ֗ים שַׂק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 obj _ Gloss=sackcloth(s)|Ref=JON_3:8!2|MId=o320030080021|Strong=8242 4-5 הָֽאָדָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 5 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JON_3:8!3|MId=o320030080031|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 5 אָדָם֙ אָדָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Gloss=people|Ref=JON_3:8!3|MId=o320030080032|Strong=0120 6-8 וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JON_3:8!4|MId=o320030080041|Strong=2050b 7 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JON_3:8!4|MId=o320030080042|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 8 בְּהֵמָ֔ה בְּהֵמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 conj _ Gloss=livestock|Ref=JON_3:8!4|MId=o320030080043|Strong=0929 9-10 וְיִקְרְא֥וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JON_3:8!5|MId=o320030080051|Strong=2050b 10 יִקְרְא֥וּ קָרָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=let.them.call.out|Ref=JON_3:8!5|MId=o320030080052|Strong=7121|Frame=A0:320030080032;|Type=yiqtol 11 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JON_3:8!6|MId=o320030080061|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 12 אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 10 obl _ Gloss=God|Ref=JON_3:8!7|MId=o320030080071|Strong=0430 13-14 בְּחָזְקָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JON_3:8!8|MId=o320030080081|Strong=0871a 14 חָזְקָ֑ה חׇזְקָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 obl _ Gloss=force|Ref=JON_3:8!8|MId=o320030080082|Strong=2394 15-16 וְיָשֻׁ֗בוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JON_3:8!9|MId=o320030080091|Strong=2050b 16 יָשֻׁ֗בוּ שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=let.them.turn.back|Ref=JON_3:8!9|MId=o320030080092|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:320030080032;|Type=yiqtol 17 אִ֚ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 obl _ Gloss=everyone|Ref=JON_3:8!10|MId=o320030080101|Strong=0376 18-20 מִדַּרְכּ֣וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JON_3:8!11|MId=o320030080111|Strong=4480 19 דַּרְכּ דֶּרֶךְ NOUN _ Number=Sing 16 obl _ Gloss=way|Ref=JON_3:8!11|MId=o320030080112|Strong=1870 20 ֣וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JON_3:8!11|MId=o320030080113|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 21-22 הָֽרָעָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JON_3:8!12|MId=o320030080121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 רָעָ֔ה רַע ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 19 amod _ Gloss=evil|Ref=JON_3:8!12|MId=o320030080122|Strong=7451|Type=adjective 23-24 וּמִן־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 26 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JON_3:8!13|MId=o320030080131|Strong=2050b 24 מִן־ מִן ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JON_3:8!13|MId=o320030080132|Strong=4480 25-26 הֶחָמָ֖ס _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 הֶ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 26 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JON_3:8!14|MId=o320030080141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 26 חָמָ֖ס חָמָס NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 conj _ Gloss=violence|Ref=JON_3:8!14|MId=o320030080142|Strong=2555 27 אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 29 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JON_3:8!15|MId=o320030080151|Strong=0834|Type=relative 28-30 בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=[is].in|Ref=JON_3:8!16|MId=o320030080161|Strong=0871a 29 כַפֵּי כַּף NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Dual 26 acl:relcl _ Gloss=palms|Ref=JON_3:8!16|MId=o320030080162|Strong=3709 30 הֶֽם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=JON_3:8!16|MId=o320030080163|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 31 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 30 punct _ Ref=JON_3:8!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִתְכַּסּוּ *let them cover themselves* | yiqtol · hithpael | אָדָם *people* + בְּהֵמָה *livestock* | שַׂקִּים *sackcloth(s)* | | | | יִקְרְאוּ *let them call out* | yiqtol · qal | אָדָם *people* | | | | | יָשֻׁבוּ *let them turn back* | yiqtol · qal | אָדָם *people* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְיִתְכַּסוּן סַקִין אֱנָשָׁא וּבְעִירָא וִיצַלוּן קֳדָם יְיָ בִּתְקוֹף וִיתוּבוּן גְבַר מֵאוֹרְחֵיהּ בִּישְׁתָּא וּמִן חֲטוֹפָא דְבִידֵיהוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God; yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JON.37/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JON:34`. - ← previous: [Jonah 3:7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON.3.7/) - next →: [Jonah 3:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON.3.9/) - ↑ back to [Jonah 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON/3/)