--- title: Joshua 10:1 — Now it came to pass, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Jo… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Now it came to pass, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them; Who acts: it, Adoni king, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/10/) / 10:1 # Joshua 10:1 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** it, Adoni king, Joshua, inhabitants · **What happens:** come, pass, hear, take, destroy, do · **To what, where:** Ai, it, Jericho, peace · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 10:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — it, Adoni king, Joshua, inhabitants — and what happens in the verse to Ai, it, Jericho, peace, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיְהִי֩ כִשְׁמֹ֨עַ אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶקאֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק מֶ֣לֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם כִּֽי־לָכַ֨ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ אֶת־הָעַי֮ וַיַּחֲרִימָהּ֒ כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר עָשָׂ֤ה לִֽירִיחוֹ֙ וּלְמַלְכָּ֔הּ כֵּן־עָשָׂ֥ה לָעַ֖י וּלְמַלְכָּ֑הּ וְכִ֨י הִשְׁלִ֜ימוּ יֹשְׁבֵ֤י גִבְעוֹן֙ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וַיִּֽהְי֖וּ בְּקִרְבָּֽם׃ [Now it came to pass, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.221/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:213 # text = וַיְהִי֩ כִשְׁמֹ֨עַ אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶקאֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק מֶ֣לֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם כִּֽי־לָכַ֨ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ אֶת־הָעַי֮ וַיַּחֲרִימָהּ֒ כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר עָשָׂ֤ה לִֽירִיחוֹ֙ וּלְמַלְכָּ֔הּ כֵּן־עָשָׂ֥ה לָעַ֖י וּלְמַלְכָּ֑הּ וְכִ֨י הִשְׁלִ֜ימוּ יֹשְׁבֵ֤י גִבְעוֹן֙ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וַיִּֽהְי֖וּ בְּקִרְבָּֽם׃ # verse = JOS.10.1 1-2 וַיְהִי֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:1!1|MId=o060100010011|Strong=2050b 2 יְהִי֩ הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=JOS_10:1!1|MId=o060100010012|Strong=1961|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 כִשְׁמֹ֨עַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 כִ כְּ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_10:1!2|MId=o060100010021|Strong=3509a 4 שְׁמֹ֨עַ שָׁמַע VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 advcl _ Gloss=as.heard|Ref=JOS_10:1!2|MId=o060100010022|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:060100010031;A1:060100010071;060100010112;060100010171;060100010211;060100010262;|Type=infinitive_construct 5-6 אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶקאֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק אֲדֹנִי־צֶדֶק PROPN _ _ 4 nsubj _ Gloss=Adoni-Zedek|Ref=JOS_10:1!3|MId=o060100010031 6 אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק אֲדֹנִיצֶדֶק PROPN _ _ 5 appos _ Gloss=Adoni-Zedek|Ref=JOS_10:1!4|MId=o060100010041 7 מֶ֣לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 appos _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=JOS_10:1!5|MId=o060100010051|Strong=4428 8 יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם יְרוּשָׁלִַ͏ם PROPN _ _ 7 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Jerusalem|Ref=JOS_10:1!6|MId=o060100010061|Strong=3389 9 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 10 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=JOS_10:1!7|MId=o060100010071|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 10 לָכַ֨ד לָכַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 ccomp _ Gloss=he.had.captured|Ref=JOS_10:1!8|MId=o060100010081|Strong=3920|Frame=A0:060100010081;A1:060100010102;|Type=qatal 11 יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 10 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_10:1!9|MId=o060100010091|Strong=3091 12 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_10:1!10|MId=o060100010101|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 13-14 הָעַי֮ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_10:1!11|MId=o060100010111|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 עַי֮ עַי PROPN _ _ 10 obj _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_10:1!11|MId=o060100010112|Strong=5857 15-17 וַיַּחֲרִימָהּ֒ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:1!12|MId=o060100010121|Strong=2050b 16 יַּחֲרִימ חָרַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 10 conj _ Gloss=he|Ref=JOS_10:1!12|MId=o060100010122|Strong=2763|Frame=AA:060100010081;A0:060100010113;|Type=wayyiqtol 17 ָהּ֒ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 obj _ Gloss=had.totally.destroyed.it|Ref=JOS_10:1!12|MId=o060100010123|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 18-19 כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 28 obl _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_10:1!13|MId=o060100010131|Strong=3509a 19 אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 20 mark _ Gloss=as|Ref=JOS_10:1!13|MId=o060100010132|Strong=0834|Type=relative 20 עָשָׂ֤ה עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 18 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.done|Ref=JOS_10:1!14|MId=o060100010141|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:060100010081;|Type=qatal 21-22 לִֽירִיחוֹ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 לִֽ לְ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_10:1!15|MId=o060100010151|Strong=3807a 22 ירִיחוֹ֙ יְרִיחֹו־יְרִחֹו PROPN _ _ 20 obl _ Gloss=Jericho|Ref=JOS_10:1!15|MId=o060100010152|Strong=3405 23-26 וּלְמַלְכָּ֔הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:1!16|MId=o060100010161|Strong=2050b 24 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_10:1!16|MId=o060100010162|Strong=3807a 25 מַלְכּ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 conj _ Gloss=king|Ref=JOS_10:1!16|MId=o060100010163|Strong=4428 26 ָ֔הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=JOS_10:1!16|MId=o060100010164|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 27 כֵּן־ כֵּן ADV _ _ 28 advmod _ Gloss=so|Ref=JOS_10:1!17|MId=o060100010171|Strong=3651|Type=demonstrative|SpaceAfter=No 28 עָשָׂ֥ה עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 10 parataxis _ Gloss=he.had.done|Ref=JOS_10:1!18|MId=o060100010181|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:060100010081;|Type=qatal 29-31 לָעַ֖י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 31 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_10:1!19|MId=o060100010191|Strong=3807a 30 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 31 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_10:1!19|MId=o060100010191ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 31 עַ֖י עַי PROPN _ _ 28 obl _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_10:1!19|MId=o060100010192|Strong=5857 32-35 וּלְמַלְכָּ֑הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:1!20|MId=o060100010201|Strong=2050b 33 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_10:1!20|MId=o060100010202|Strong=3807a 34 מַלְכּ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 conj _ Gloss=king|Ref=JOS_10:1!20|MId=o060100010203|Strong=4428 35 ָ֑הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=JOS_10:1!20|MId=o060100010204|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 36-37 וְכִ֨י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 38 cc _ Gloss=and.(dm)|Ref=JOS_10:1!21|MId=o060100010211|Strong=2050b 37 כִ֨י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 38 mark _ Gloss=that|Ref=JOS_10:1!21|MId=o060100010212|Strong=3588 38 הִשְׁלִ֜ימוּ שָׁלַם VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 10 conj _ Gloss=they.had.made.peace|Ref=JOS_10:1!22|MId=o060100010221|Strong=7999|Frame=A0:060100010221;|Type=qatal 39 יֹשְׁבֵ֤י יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 38 nsubj _ Gloss=the.inhabitants|Ref=JOS_10:1!23|MId=o060100010231|Strong=3427|Type=participle_active 40 גִבְעוֹן֙ גִּבְעוֹן PROPN _ _ 39 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Gibeon|Ref=JOS_10:1!24|MId=o060100010241|Strong=1391 41 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 42 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JOS_10:1!25|MId=o060100010251|Strong=0854|SpaceAfter=No 42 יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 38 obl _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=JOS_10:1!26|MId=o060100010261|Strong=3478 43-44 וַיִּֽהְי֖וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 44 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:1!27|MId=o060100010271|Strong=2050b 44 יִּֽהְי֖וּ הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 38 conj _ Gloss=they.were|Ref=JOS_10:1!27|MId=o060100010272|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:060100010221;|Type=wayyiqtol 45-47 בְּקִרְבָּֽם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 46 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JOS_10:1!28|MId=o060100010281|Strong=0871a 46 קִרְבּ קֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 44 obl _ Gloss=midst|Ref=JOS_10:1!28|MId=o060100010282|Strong=7130 47 ָֽם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 46 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=JOS_10:1!28|MId=o060100010283|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 48 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 47 punct _ Ref=JOS_10:1!28 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | שְׁמֹעַ *as heard* | infinitive construct · qal | אֲדֹֽנִי־צֶדֶק *Adoni-Zedek* | כִּֽי־ *(dm) that* + עַי *Ai* + כֵּן־ *so* + וְ *and (dm)* | | | | לָכַד *he had captured* | qatal · qal | לָכַד *he had captured* | | | | | יַּחֲרִימ *he* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | | | | לָכַד *he had captured* | | עָשָׂה *he had done* | qatal · qal | לָכַד *he had captured* | | | | | עָשָׂה *he had done* | qatal · qal | לָכַד *he had captured* | | | | | הִשְׁלִימוּ *they had made peace* | qatal · hiphil | הִשְׁלִימוּ *they had made peace* | | | | | יִּֽהְיוּ *they were* | wayyiqtol · qal | הִשְׁלִימוּ *they had made peace* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַהֲוָה כַּד שְׁמַע אֲדֹנִי צֶדֶק מַלְכָּא דִירוּשְׁלֵם אֲרֵי כְּבַשׁ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ יַת עַי וְגַמְרָהּ כְּמָא דַעֲבַד לִירִיחוֹ וּלְמַלְכָּהּ כֵּן עֲבַד לָעַי וּלְמַלְכָּה וַאֲרֵי אַשְׁלִימוּ יַתְבֵי גִבְעוֹן עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל וַהֲווֹ בֵּינֵיהוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Now it came to pass, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.221/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:213`. - ← previous: [Joshua 9:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.9.27/) - next →: [Joshua 10:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.2/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/10/)